More Religion In Ohio Political Ads

In Ohio, candidates in the upcoming May 2 primary continue to affirm their religious credentials to fundamentalist Christians. (See prior posting.) In the latest example, reported by the Associated Press on Thursday, State Auditor Betty Montgomery, who is a Republican candidate for state Attorney General, has taken out an ad in a newspaper distributed by Fairfield Christian Church, the congregation of Ohio Restoration Project leader Rev. Russell Johnson. The ad features Montgomery standing on the Seal of Ohio outside the State House. She is in front of the state motto, "With God all Things Are Possible". The motto is inscribed in the bronze flatwork outside the State House. The ad’s tagline: "Betty Montgomery has fought all the way to the top to protect our values." In today’s Toledo Blade, columnist Russ Lemon reports that Montgomery is also incorporating the state motto into her latest radio ads.

By the way, the state motto, taken from the New Testament (Matthew 19:26), was upheld against an Establishment Clause attack in an en banc U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals decision in 2001. The source of the motto does not appear in the version outside the State House. This link will take you to a photo of the motto as it appears on the State House plaza.

Native American Prisoners In New Hampshire Seek Sweat Lodge Use

Yesterday’s New Hampshire Union-Leader carried an article about the ongoing efforts by Native American prisoners in New Hampshire to obtain the use of Sweat Lodges for religious ceremonies and the negotiations with state correctional officials over the rules that will apply.

Background On A.D. vs. C.E. Labeling For Historical Dates

I recently posted a story on the debate over the Kentucky Board of Education’s decision to begin using C.E. and B.C.E. along with B.C. and A.D. in teaching historical dates. Here is some additional background. (Sources include Wikipedia, and April 2005 Washington Times.)

The practice of referring to years in relation to the date of the birth of Jesus was originated by a Scythian Monk, Dionysius Exiguus, in Rome in 525. It came into common use in the 8th century. Historians now agree the Exiguus was a few years off in setting the year of Jesus’ birth. Jesus appears to have in fact been born between 4 and 8 B.C. (B.C.E.) Pope Gregory continued using the B.C./A.D. designations when he created the Gregorian calendar in 1582. The notations have always been a low level source of irritation to non-Christians, reminding them that Western civilization defines itself in Christian terms. Particularly the use of A.D. ("in the year of our Lord"), not just "after Christ", seems to require the user to proclaim a religious acceptance of Christianity. Jewish scholars for over a century have used. C.E. (common era) and B.C.E. (before the common era) in their work.

The leaders of the French Revolution attempted to introduce a dating system that counted years from the beginning of the "Republican Era", i.e. the day the First French Republic was proclaimed. In the United States, dating of official documents from the date of the Declaration of Independence, along with the use of A.D., was a practice that was sometimes used. The Constitution of the United States concludes with the following:

Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth.

It was only in the 1990's that a movement began to use C.E. and B.C.E. more generally. The United States Supreme Court recognizes the problem that the notation poses for some attorneys. Its instruction form for applicants for admission to the Supreme Court bar tells attorneys how to request a certificate of admission reflecting the date of the lawyer’s admission without the accompanying phrase "in the year of our Lord".

In 2000, the Southern Baptist Convention adopted the following Resolution opposing the secularization of dates, and at the same time reflecting why use of the traditional system is problematic for non-Christians:

WHEREAS, Historically, our (Gregorian) calendar marked the centrality of the incarnation of the Lord Jesus by the designation B.C. (before Christ) and A.D. (anno Domini…); and WHEREAS, Some recent publishing practices alter this designation in favor of B.C.E. … and C.E….; and WHEREAS, This practice is the result of the secularization, anti-supernaturalism, religious pluralism, and political correctness pervasive in our society. WHEREAS, The traditional method of dating is a reminder of the preeminence of Christ and His gospel in world history; and WHEREAS, This retention is a reminder to those in this secular age of the importance of Christ’s life and mission and emphasizes to all that history is ultimately His Story.

Therefore, be it RESOLVED, That the messengers to the Southern Baptist Convention…, encourage Southern Baptist individuals, churches, entities, and institutions to retain the traditional method of dating and avoid this revisionism.

Utah To Have Faith-Based Initiative Office

Utah’s Gov. Jon Huntsman Jr. has just agreed that his state will become the 25th to set up an Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives, according to yesterday’s Salt Lake Tribune. The office will help Utah’s religious and secular charities access federal funding. The predominance of the Mormon Church (LDS) in Utah led previous governors to refrain from setting up such an office out of concern about church-state separation. The LDS Church has traditionally not gone after public funds because it dislikes the conditions attached to government grants. It is unclear how many non-Mormon religious charities there are in Utah that would want to access faith-based funding.

Federal V.A. Charged With Providing Unconstitutional Spiritual Treatment

An interesting suit was filed on Wednesday against the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs by the Freedom From Religion Foundation (FFRF) challenging the integration of religion by the VA chaplains corps into the medical services provided by the Veterans Health Administration. (News Release.) The suit, filed in federal district court in Wisconsin, claims that "As part of the evaluation of each patient's health care needs, the VA requires that a spiritual and pastoral care screening assessment be provided to each patient as part of the interdisciplinary admissions process; VA chaplains then are to determine the 'need' for any pastoral care interventions deemed necessary if 'spiritual injury or sickness' is assessed by the chaplain." The chaplain’s assessment becomes part of the patient’s medical chart.

The complaint was accompanied by sample "spiritual inventories" (1, 2) used by VA chaplains. The complaint (full text) alleges that the funding of these kinds of chaplaincy services, which go far beyond merely accommodating the religious free exercise rights of hospitalized veterans and their families, violates the Establishment Clause. The Madison, Wisconsin Capital Times quotes Annie Laurie Gaylor, co-president of FFRF, who said that this was an invasion of patients’ privacy by the VA that justifies its practices as "holistic" medical treatment.

UNESCO Moves On Preventing Future Insults To Religions

On April 3, the Executive Board of UNESCO adopted an Agenda Item proposing that UNESCO’s Director General take steps to adopt "a binding international legal instrument to ensure respect for prophets, beliefs, sacred values, religious symbols and places of worship." CNS News reports that this is part of a continuing effort by the Organization of the Islamic Conference undertaken in the wake of the controversial publication earlier this year of caricatures of the Prophet Muhammad. OIC’s secretariat, based in Saudi Arabia, is pressing both the United Nations and the European Union to counteract what OIC calls "wanton provocation and reckless, blasphemous libertarianism cowering behind so-called freedom of the press."

New Publications On First Amendment Religion Topics

From SSRN:

• Paul Horwitz, Religious Tests in the Mirror: The Constitutional Law and Constitutional Etiquette of Religion In Judicial Nominations.
• Steven R. Obert, Public Prayer In the Navy, forthcoming in Naval Law Review.

From Bepress:

• Asma T. Uddin, Evolution Toward Neutrality: Evolution Disclaimers, Establishment Jurisprudence Confusions, and a Proposal of Untainted Fruits of a Poisonous Tree (April 2006).

From SmartCILP:

• Colin McRoberts & Timothy Sandefur, Piercing the Veil of Intelligent Design: Why Courts Should Beware Creationism's Secular Disguise., 15 Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy 15-56 (2005). (Blog entry about article.)

Howard Dean's Controversial Statement On Churches and Politics

A statement on religion and politics to the Christian Science Monitor in an interview on Wednesday has created a good deal of controversy for Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean. He said, "The religious community has to decide whether they want to be tax exempt or involved in politics." Joseph Cella, president of Fidelis, a Catholic advocacy organization, said, "Howard Dean's statement makes it clear that he wants to muzzle America's churches and religious groups from professing what they believe on important issues facing our society." CNS News on Friday, reporting on the controversy, also reviewed a number of supportive statements that Dean has made since 2004 in speeches to religious groups and in other attempts to reach out to people of faith.

Malaysia's High Court To Hear Case On Jurisdiction Over Converts

Malaysia’s highest court, the Federal Court, announced on April 13 that it would hear a sensitive religious freedom case posing the question of whether a Sharia court must approve a Muslim’s conversion to Christianity, according to Friday’s Christian Post. Azlina Jailani converted to Christianity in 1998. The National Registration Department agreed to change her name on her identity card to her new Christian name, Lina Joy. However, it said it could not change her designated religion without permission from a Sharia court that has jurisdiction in civil and family matters over Muslims. This is preventing Ms. Joy from marrying a non-Muslim since the civil registry only marries those who are officially non-Muslim. Joy’s attorney argues that Malaysia’s Constitution does not require Islamic court approval to convert out of the Muslim faith.

Three Recent Prisoner Free Exercise Cases

In Larson v. Schuetzle, (N.Dak. Sup. Ct., April 19, 2006), the North Dakota Supreme Court upheld prison officials’ confiscation of religious magazines given to inmate Reuben Larson by other inmates, and officials’ order to Larson to remove from his cell wall a picture of an American flag that he had cut out of a newspaper. The court found that prison rules prohibiting possessing various types of contraband were valid and did not violate Larson’s constitutional rights. The case was covered by the Grand Forks Herald last Wednesday. Larson is serving a 28-year sentence for a 1992 shooting of a judge in his courtroom while he was hearing Larson’s child support case.

In Earl v. Gould, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19861 (WD NC, April 11, 2006), a North Carolina federal district court rejected a number of claims by a Muslim prisoner brought under the First amendment and RLUIPA. For various reasons, the court rejected inmate Vincent Earl’s claims that he was denied the right to participate in Ramadan services, that he did not receive the specific version of the Quran that he requested, that Friday Jumah Prayer Services were held at the wrong time, and that the prison refused to recognize his name change. The court also rejected Earl’s complaint that Muslim inmates were required to file an "Inmate Request for Religious Assistance Fact Sheet”, while Christian prisoners were not, and that more Christian than Muslim services were held at the correctional facility. The court said that the Constitution permits allocation of religious resources based on the different numbers of prisoners in each religious group.

In Walls v. Schriro, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19833 (D Ariz., April 13, 2006), an Arizona federal district court denied a preliminary injunction to an inmate of the Hare Krishna faith who claimed the lacto-vegetarian diet provided to him in prison did not meet his religious requirements because it include caffeinated beverages, garlic and onions, and was not prepared by a member of the Krishna sect. The court found it unlikely that inmate Rex Walls would succeed on the merits of his First Amendment or RLUIPA claims, given the high costs of the prison’s further tailoring diets to inmates’ religious needs.

Serbia's Parliament Passes New Religion Law

Yesterday, Serbia's National Assembly passed the country's controversial new religion law just before the Serbian Easter recess, according to Forum18. The vote was 120 for the law, 4 votes against and 5 abstentions, with the remainder of the 250 parliamentary deputies absent. The final text of the law has not yet been made publicly available. Unconfirmed reports are that the law requires new religious communities to obtain 8,000 signatures in order to be approved for registration.

Students Sue Over High School Speech Code

The Philadelphia Inquirer reports that on Wednesday three high school students, represented by the Alliance Defense Fund, filed a federal lawsuit against the Downingtown (Pennsylvania) Area School District, claiming that they were barred from displaying the words "Christian" and "Bible". The students, who wanted to call their school group the "Bible Club," were told it had to be called "the Prayer Club" instead. In addition, they allege that they were barred from expressing their views on the "sinful nature and harmful effects of homosexuality." District policy prohibits students from expressing opinions that seek "to establish the supremacy of a particular religious denomination, sect or point of view." The lawsuit alleges that the Downingtown East High School students want to express their belief "that there is a superior religious point of view to other competing views that would, for example, affirm a homosexual lifestyle." The high school's speech code is similar to others that ADF has challenged on the college level.

Georgia Church Challenges Denial of Zoning Variance In Suit Filed By ACLU

The ACLU of Georgia announced Wednesday that its cooperating attorneys, King & Spalding, have filed a federal lawsuit on behalf of the Tabernacle Community Baptist Church which was denied a zoning variance to permit it to establish a house of worship in East Point, Georgia. An East Point zoning ordinance prohibits churches from occupying buildings that were originally used for commercial purposes, even though a similar non-religious commercial enterprise could purchase the building. The complaint (full text) claims that the denial violates the the church's freedom of religion, speech, association and assembly protected by the U.S. and Georgia constitutions , denies the church equal protection of the laws and due process of law, and violates the federal Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act.

Hamas Authorities In West Bank Town Press YMCA To Close

WorldNetDaily today reports that in Qalqiliya, a town in the West Bank under control of the Palestinian Authority, the YMCA has been warned by Hamas to close its offices or face possible Muslim violence. The action follows coordinated sermons against the YMCA in local mosques last Friday. Muslim organizations and mosques in the city, along with municipal leaders, sent a letter to the PA interior minister accusing the YMCA of missionary activities and demanding the Palestinian government immediately shut them down. The letter said "Qalqiliya doesn't need such offices, especially since there are not many Christians in our city." It continued, "The act of these institutions of the YMCA, including attempting to convert Muslims in our city, will bring violence and tension." The YMCA denies engaging in missionary activities, saying its work in Qalqiliya is limited to athletic activities, general educational programs and financial aid.

9th Circuit Lets School Ban Anti-Gay T-Shirt

In a 2-1 decision, the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals yesterday upheld the right of a California high school to ban a student from wearing a T-shirt proclaiming: "Be Ashamed, Our School Embraced What God Has Condemned", and "Homosexuality Is Shameful". In Harper v. Poway Unified School District, (9th Cir., April 20, 2006) (majority opinion, dissent), the court, in a decision written by Judge Stephen Reinhardt, refused to grant Tyler Chase Harper a preliminary injunction finding that it was unlikely that he would succeed on the merits of his free speech, free exercise of religion or establishment clause claims. The court found that Harper's wearing of his T-shirt collided with the rights of other students' right to be free from verbal assault. The court also held that there was no evidence that the school's actions imposed a substantial burden on Harper's free exercise of religious belief. It said the Constitution does not prohibit the school from teaching the virtues of tolerance, even if that is inconsistent with a student's religious views. Finally the court found that the school had a legitimate secular purpose in taking the action it did.

Judge Alex Kozinski dissenting, argued that the court should have granted a preliminary injunction preventing the school from banning Harper's T-shirt and barring the school from enforcing its anti-harassment policy as overbroad. He argued that the school was engaged in viewpoint discrimination, and that there was insufficient evidence that the statements on Harper's T-shirt in fact harmed gay and lesbian students. Today's Los Angeles Times reports on the decision.

Jamaica's Prime Minister Moves To Ally Churches With Government

Jamaica's recently-elected prime minister, Portia Simpson Miller, has created a good deal of concern in her nation as she has taken steps to mix religion with government. Yesterday's Trinidad & Tobago Express carried an editorial raising questions about her claim that she was appointed by God to run the country, and about her proposal to name pastors to all state boards. Today's Jamaica Express reports that Miller has won support of the influential Jamaica Council of Churches (JCC) for her proposal that clergy become members or chairmen of all new state boards. Philip Robinson, president of the JCC, said that the Prime Minister's moves "ought to have been a natural expectation since we are a Christian country". The JCC represents most of the mainline Protestant, Catholic and Orthodox churches in Jamaica.

Religious Freedom An Issue During China President Hu's Visit To Washington

As China's President Hu Jintao visited the White House yesterday, he may have been less than pleased at the extent to which issues of religious freedom in China found their way onto his agenda. In his welcoming remarks at Hu's arrival ceremony (full text), President Bush said: "As the relationship between our two nations grows and matures, we can be candid about our disagreements. I'll continue to discuss with President Hu the importance of respecting human rights and freedoms of the Chinese people. China has become successful because the Chinese people are experience the freedom to buy, and to sell, and to produce -- and China can grow even more successful by allowing the Chinese people the freedom to assemble, to speak freely, and to worship."

Hu's remarks contained only the following generalization on the issue: "We are ready to enhance dialogue and exchanges with the U.S. side on the basis of mutual respect and equality to promote the world's cause of human rights."

During the welcoming ceremony, a Chinese woman reporter from The Epoch Times who had been admitted into the White House grounds with press credentials began shouting at Hu: "President Hu, your days are numbered. President Bush, make him stop persecuting Falun Gong." (Reuters report.) Outside the White House, hundreds of demonstrators from Falun Gong, and from a Tibetan youth group, among others, carried signs and shouted slogans. In today's edition, The Epoch Times apologized for its reporter's actions, but reiterated its concern over charges that Falun Gong practitioners are being killed so that their organs can be used for transplantations.

In Tuesday's New York Sun, the Chair and Vice-Chair of the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom had published a detailed op-ed piece outlining China's human rights problems. It called on President Bush to urge China's release of all individuals imprisoned or detained because of their religious beliefs or practices.

A.D. vs. C.E.-- Is This The New Christian Political Flash Point?

The Associated Press reports on a fascinating new controversy swirling around an educational decision made by the Kentucky Board of Education this week. At issue is whether schools should drop the traditional way of indicating historical dates. Should the designations B.C. (before Christ) and A.D. (Anno Domini, Latin for "In the Year of Our Lord") be changed in teaching and texts to a designation becoming more common—C.E. (Common Era) and B.C.E. (Before the Common Era)? A draft of a new teachers' guidebook proposed moving to the new designation. This however led to objections from groups like the Family Foundation of Kentucky, which said, "Not only will this lead to confusion on the part of the students, but this is a not-so-subtle way of hiding the substantial influence of religion in the history of Western civilization."

Kentucky Governor Ernie Fletcher also announced his opposition to the change during a ceremony in which he signed a recently passed bill permitting display of the 10 Commandments on public property. Lisa Gross, a spokeswoman for the Kentucky Department of Education, said that the new designations are coming into wider use, and students need to know about them in case they encounter them on college placement tests. Finally, the Kentucky Board of Education found a compromise. (WorldNetDaily, Louisville Courier-Journal.) It voted on Tuesday to use both versions, so that textbooks will reflect a date as 700 A.D./C.E. The Kentucky Family Foundation is still not happy. It accuses the Board of merely attempting to be "politically correct"-- a position taken in a formal Resolution in 2000 by the Southern Baptist Convention.

Over the week end I will post more background on this issue that could become another flash point in U.S. politics of religion.

Report On Future Of Religious Freedom In U.S.

The Report from an October 2005 Conference on "The Future of Religious Freedom In America" sponsored by McCormick Tribune Freedom Museum and the First Amendment Center has been released online. The release announcing the report says that its major recommendations include: updating and widely distributing consensus guidelines on religion in public schools; developing new consensus guidelines on religion in the public square and religious accommodation in the workplace; educating government officials on religious freedom issues; creating a task force on protecting Native American religious practices and traditions; and exploring international religious liberty issues, especially in relation to U.S. foreign policy.

Suit Challenges Mobile Home Park's Prayer Ban

The United States Justice Foundation announced on Wednesday that it had filed a lawsuit against a Warner Springs, California mobile home park to force it to permit residents to use the park’s common areas for prayer meetings. The suit claims that harassment and interference with tenants’ prayer meetings violate the U.S. and California constitutions, and California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act.

Toledo Courthouse 10 Commandments Monument OK'd By Court

On Tuesday, a federal district court in Toledo, Ohio, rejected an ACLU challenge to a 10 Commandments monument on the grounds of the Lucas County courthouse. Finding that the monument had been donated by the Fraternal Order of Eagles to combat juvenile delinquency, the court in ACLU v. Board of Commissioners of Lucas County, Ohio (ND Ohio, April 18, 2006), held that neither the primary purpose nor effect of the display was to endorse religion. In so holding, the court followed the lead of the U.S. Supreme Court last June in its Van Orden v. Perry decision involving a similar monument. Having rejected the federal constitutional claims, the court declined to exercise supplementary jurisdiction over a claim that the display violated the Ohio constitution. It dismissed that portion of the suit without prejudice. Wednesday’s Toledo Blade reported on the decision. [Thanks to How Appealing for posting the full decision.]

Louisiana Sales Tax Exemptions For Religions Held Unconstitutional

In New Orleans Secular Humanist Association, Inc. v. Bridges, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20020 (ED La., April 17, 2006), a Louisiana federal district court granted a preliminary injunction, finding that five Louisiana statutes that grant various sales tax exemptions explicitly to religious organizations, and not to others, violate the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause. The court concluded that the statutes have both the purpose and effect of benefiting religion.

Nevada Summit On Faith-Based Grants Organized By Sen. Reid

Last Tuesday, U.S. Democratic Senator Harry Reid convened the Northern Nevada Faith-Based Services Summit in Reno, according to yesterday’s Reno-Gazette Journal. The participants discussed issues such as housing, senior services, drug abuse and gang violence. The event was designed to acquaint religious organizations with federal resources available to them and provide them information on how to apply for faith-based grants. It was also aimed at bringing together religious and secular social service providers and private business. Many of the speakers were skeptical of President Bush’s Faith-Based Initiative. Dr. Bob. Edgar, general secretary of the National Council of Churches of Christ said, "There's been a lot of talk about the faith-based initiative. It is my fear that President Bush thought the faith-based initiative would simply be, 'Lets take all the welfare programs and dump that on the churches and synagogues and mosques.' The faith-based initiative must be based on partnership."

Hastings Christian Legal Society Loses Challenge To Anti-Discrimination Regs

On Monday, the Christian Legal Society at Hastings College of Law, lost its attempt to gain recognition as a student group while excluding non-Christians and those whose sexual activities violate Christian beliefs. (See prior postings 1, 2.) A California federal district court in Christian Legal Society v. Kane, (ND Cal., April 17, 2006), held that the University may apply its anti-discrimination policy and require recognized groups to eschew discrimination on the basis of religion or sexual orientation.

Examining the parties’ dispute over whether the University’s anti-discrimination rules regulate speech or conduct, the court found that they are permissible whichever way they are characterized. Even if it is a regulation of speech, the school has created a limited public forum, so that viewpoint neutral reasonable regulations are permissible. The fact that a policy particularly affects a group with a certain perspective or belief system does not render the policy viewpoint based. Also, the court found that the school was not forcing CLS to admit anyone as a member or officer; it was merely placing a condition on receiving university funding and using campus facilities. The court concluded that the University’s anti-discrimination policy does not violate CLS’s First Amendment rights to speech, association, or free exercise of religion. Nor does it deny CLS equal protection of law. The San Francisco Chronicle reported on the case on Tuesday. [Thanks to Blog from the Capital for the information, and Alliance Alert for posting the opinion.]

Towey, Head of Faith-Based Initiative Office, Resigns

H. James Towey, director of the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives has resigned in order to become president of St. Vincent College in Latrobe, Pennsylvania. President Bush issued a statement thanking Towey for his more than 4 years of service. Americans United for Separation of Church and State urged the President to use the occasion of Towey's departure to close the Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives.

Police Charged With Violating Religious Rights In Questioning Muslim Girl

The Associated Press today reports that in Davis, California, the family of a 17-year old Muslim girl is suing Davis police for violating the girl's religious values. A male police officer questioned her without another adult being present. The girl was taken for questioning in her pajamas about 9:30 p.m. on June 13, after police suspected her of leaving the scene of a minor auto accident. The suit is continuing even though a judge has now thrown out the misdemeanor hit-and-run accident charge against the girl.

Malaysia Court Accused of Applying Sharia To Non-Muslims

In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, a dozen demonstrators protested a court decision last week that upheld a charge of indecency against an ethnic Chinese couple charged with kissing and hugging in a public park. The Washington Times today reports the protesters claimed authorities were applying Sharia legal principles to the non-Muslim Chinese and Indian communities. They said,"This is a manifestation of Islamization of Malaysia without respecting the rights and freedom of the non-Muslims." However, the Federal Court ruled broadly that kissing and hugging were not the norm for any Malaysians or other Asians. It said they were accepted only by Western moral standards.

Comment On Jury Selection In the Gerald Robinson Case-- What About Privacy?

Jury selection in the Fr. Gerald Robinson murder case in Toledo raises an interesting constitutional question: Is there a right to keep one's religious beliefs private? As the Toledo Blade reports today, potential jurors in the high profile case have been quizzed extensively about their religious backgrounds and beliefs. Several have been disqualified from serving either because their beliefs would make it difficult for them to convict a priest, or because they have anti-Catholic views. Admittedly this case-- where a former priest is accused of murdering a nun in a Catholic chapel-- is one where religious beliefs are relevant in assessing jury bias. However, suppose a potential juror objects to disclosing of his or her religious beliefs?

There seems to be surprisingly little precedent on this issue. Back in 1960, the U.S. Supreme Court decided a case that might shed some light on the question. In Shelton v. Tucker, 364 U.S. 479 (1960), the Court, in a 5-4 decision, struck down an Arkansas statute that required public school teachers to list every organization to which they had belonged or regularly contributed during the prior 5 years. The Court held that this requirement chilled teachers' 1st Amendment associational rights. It places pressure on teachers to avoid unpopular or minority organizations. The case as to jurors, however, is closer. The inquiry is more narrowly drawn-- they are not being asked about every organization to which they belong-- and the state interest is very strong. However, it is still troubling to contemplate the individual who is a member of an unpopular religious group being forced into court and quizzed at length on his or her beliefs.

FLDS Church Loses Attempt To Keep Seized Documents Secret

A federal district court in Colorado has rejected an attempt by the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints to obtain a return to it of "religious" documents seized in connection with the prosecution of FLDS leader Warren Jeffs. In United States v. Jeffs , 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19358 (D. Colo., April 4, 2006), the court also refused to issue a protective order prohibiting public disclosure of the documents. The FLDS Church had argued that their public disclosure would impinge on its free exercise of religion. However, the court characterized this claim as "somewhat inexplicit and wholly unsupported", holding that merely calling the documents "sacred" is not enough to justify a protective order. (See prior related posting.)

Supreme Court Denies Cert. In Church Resistance To Subpoenas

The U.S. Supreme Court yesterday denied certiorari in two cases involving attempts by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Los Angeles to quash grand jury subpoenas for personnel records of two former priests who were being investigated for molesting minors. The cases are Roman Catholic Archbishop v. Superior Court of California (05-1017) and Does 1 and 2 v. Superior Court of California (05-1039), cert. denied, April 17, 2006. According to yesterday's New York Times, the Church had argued that the subpoena "inherently entangles the state in the internal religious life of churches and intrudes into religious practice." The California Court of Appeal, in a lengthy opinion, had upheld the subpoena. (See prior posting.) Today's Los Angeles Times also covers the case.

Author Reviews Presidents' Uses Of Public Religion

An interesting column by Jon Meacham, titled U.S. Benefits From Public Religion, is published in today's Detroit Free Press. It reviews both the sincere and the cynical use of religion and public prayer by past U.S. presidents, saying, "Cynics may dismiss prayer breakfasts and public piety as political, but the language of faith has been a perennial force at the highest levels." Meacham, is the author of "American Gospel: God, the Founding Fathers, and the Making of a Nation".

New Appointees To U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council

The White House announced yesterday that the President intends to appoint nine individuals to fill vacancies on the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council. The Council has 65 members, 55 of whom are appointed by the President. All of the present appointments are for the remainder of five-year terms expiring January 15, 2011. Among the appointees are Nobel laureate Elie Wiesel and television personality Rebbetzin Esther Jungreis. The other appointees are: Debra Abrams of Florida; Norma Lerner of Ohio; Marvin A. Pomerantz of Iowa; Alan Neil Rechtshaffen of New York; J. Philip Rosen of New York; Bradley David Wine of Maryland; and Judith Yudof of Texas.

Recent Law Review Articles

Recently published articles from SmartCILP:

Nathan J. Brown & Clark B. Lombardi, The Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt on Islamic Law, Veiling and Civil Rights: An Annotated Translation of Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt Case No. 8 of Judicial Year 17 (May 18, 1996), 21 American University International Law Review 437-460 (2006).

Symposium: Law and Religion, 82 University of Detroit Mercy Law Review 509-686 (2005):

Hazard, Geoffrey C., Jr., McElroy Lecture. Law, Ethics and Mystery.
Baker, Anthony V., "through a glass darkly ...": Christianity, Law and Capital Execution In Twenty-First Century America.
Hartigan, Emily Albrink., Law Fragments.
Litman, Donna, Jewish Law: Deciphering the Code By Global Process and Analogy.
Richards, Peter Judson, Property and Epikeia: Theory, Life and Practice in the Western Christian Tradition.
Young, Stephen B., The Moral Basis of American Law: An Hypothesis.

Professor Says 1st Amendment Protects Political Preaching

Notre Dame Law Professor Rick Garnett has an interesting op-ed column this morning in USA Today. Titled Campaigning From the Pulpit: Why Not?, Garnett says that the First Amendment protects "political preaching and faith-filled activism". He concludes: "Of course, there are good reasons — religious reasons — for clergy to be cautious and prudent when addressing campaigns, issues and candidates.... A hasty endorsement, or a clumsy or uncharitable political charge, has no place in a house of worship or during a time of prayer — not because religion does not speak to politics, but because it is about more, and is more important, than politics."

Detroit Challenged Under Establishment Clause On Super Bowl Clean-Up Grants

Today's Detroit News reports that a resident of Detroit and American Atheists, Inc. are suing the city and Detroit's Downtown Development Authority, demanding that they seek repayment of grants given to two downtown churches so they could fix up their building exteriors and parking areas as the city hosted this year's Super Bowl. The federal court suit seeks recovery of $690,000 given to Central United Methodist Church and Second Baptist Church as part of the Lower Woodward Facade Improvement Program. The complaint alleges that the grants violated the Establishment Clause of the U.S. Constitution, and Article 1, Sec. 4 of the Michigan Constitution that prohibits use of public funds for the benefit of any religious sect or society.

Today Religion Clause Blog Is 1 Year Old !

Today-- April 17-- is the first birthday of Religion Clause blog. Thanks to all who have been loyal readers. Here are two things that you can do to help celebrate:

(1) post a Comment, or send me an e-mail, with your thoughts on the blog; tell me how regularly you read it; and let me know what would lead you to read it more regularly;

(2) recommend the blog to others who you think might be interested in it; link to it on your site if you have not already done so.

Litigant's Free Exercise Claim Against State Judges Is Moot

In Donkers v. Simon, (6th Cir., April 6, 2006), the U.S. 6th Circuit Court of Appeals dismissed a challenge by a state court litigant in Michigan who claimed that her free exercise rights were infringed when a state court judge insisted that she rise when he entered and exited the court room. Plaintiff Catherine Donkers claimed that rising for the judge violated her sincerely-held religious beliefs. As a result of Donker's suit in federal court raising this claim and seeking a declaratory judgment and injunction against the state judges, all the judges in the state judicial district disqualified themselves and her case was reassigned to a neighboring county. The 6th Circuit held that this mooted her claim for injunctive and declaratory relief.

Poll: Even Split On Propriety of Teaching Bible In Public Schools

Taking a poll on what the Constitution means is not a very useful interpretive technique. Nevertheless, a CBS poll released Sunday did just that. It asked whether teaching the Bible in public school violates church-state separation. Respondents were evenly split: 46%, yes; and 46%, no.

More Prisoner Free Exercise Claims Decided

In Howard v. Wilson, (5th Cir. April 11, 2006), the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a Mississippi federal district court's dismissal of a prisoner's free exercise challenge to the refusal of state prison officials to recognize the prisoner's adoption of a Muslim name. The appeal was dismissed as frivolous.

In Mark v. Off, (WD Wis., March 31, 2006), a Wisconsin federal district court rejected a former state prison inmate's free exercise claims brought under the First Amendment and RLUIPA. Mark Off variously claimed he was a Wiccan, a pagan, and a ritual magician. He brought suit challenging prison officials' removal of his "magic seals" from his cell walls and door.

In Keesh v. Smith, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18834 (ND NY, March 2, 2006), a New York federal district court refused to issue a preliminary injunction to require New York correctional authorities to accommodate two prisoners' requests to practice the religion of "Tulukeesh". One of the prisoners identifies himself as the "Savior and Teacher" of Tulukeesh and says its tenets and practices are set out in the book "Holy Blackness," which he authored.

In Andreola v. Wisconsin, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19123 (ED Wis., April 4, 2006), a lawsuit that has already been up to the 7th Circuit once, a Wisconsin federal district judge issued orders clarifying the remaining issues in a prisoner's lawsuit seeking greater accommodation of his request for kosher food than Wisconsin authorities are willing to grant. The court rejected plaintiff's claim under the First Amendment, but found that a claim under the higher standard of RLUIPA remains.

Ohio's Leading Democratic Candidate For Governor Has Strong Religious Roots

The religiosity of the candidates is apparently an important issue in Ohio's gubernatorial race this year. Dueling Republican candidates Kenneth Blackwell and Jim Petro have been touting their Christian credentials for months. Now leading Democratic candidate Ted Strickland apparently wants to make certain that the voters know that he is just as committed. An article on Strickland in today's Toledo Blade prominently includes a profile of Strickland's religious credentials, beginning with his experiences at a church summer camp as a 12-year old.

In India, Arrest For Preaching Christianity On Easter

DNA India reports that in Bhopal, police arrested two women on Easter Sunday for preaching Christianity without first getting permission from authorities. According to the chief of police of Jabalpur District in Madha Pradesh, "The women were distributing pamphlets telling people how they may overcome their problems by following the Bible."

White House Sends Easter Greetings

A White House release on Thursday (full text) conveyed Easter greetings from President and Mrs. Bush to those observing the holiday. It said in part:

Christ's extraordinary sacrifice and compassion continue to inspire people around the world. His promise of new life gives hope and confidence to His followers. His service and love for His neighbors offer a profound lesson for all people.

During this Easter season, we celebrate God's gifts of freedom and justice. We pray for peace and ask for God's blessings on the brave men and women who wear our Nation's uniform and their families.

Priest's Trial For Bizarre Murder Begins Monday In Toledo

There is a reason that my home town is know as "Holy Toledo!" On Monday in Toledo, Ohio Common Pleas Court, jury selection begins in one of the most bizarre murder cases imaginable. Catholic priest Gerald Robinson is being tried for the murder of a 71-year old nun that took place 26 years ago. In 1980, on the day before Easter, a nun was strangled, then stabbed between 27 and 32 times in the chest and neck in the sacristy next door to the chapel in a local Catholic hospital. Her undergarments had been pulled down over her ankle. The victim, Sister Margaret Ann Pahl, had gone to prepare the chapel for Holy Saturday Mass.

In Saturday's Toledo Blade, religion editor David Yonke does an excellent job of chronicling the background of what may have been a ritualistic murder carried out by a Satanic cult to which Father Robinson belonged. Robinson could be tried by the Church under canon law as well-- though experts think this is unlikely.

Finally, in a tip for locals who are used to immensely convenient parking, the Blade informs readers that there will be a loss of some of the on-street meter parking around the courthouse during the trial as the space is taken up by television satellite trucks, including Court TV that plans gavel to gavel coverage.

Suit Challenges Prayer At School's Teachers Meetings

In Pocola, Oklahoma, a lawsuit has been filed against the superintendent and school board members by Frank Makinson, the school district’s federal program coordinator. The Fort Smith, Arkansas Times-Record reported Friday that the suit challenges the practice of opening the schools' annual teacher and staff meeting with a prayer, led by the high school principal who is also a Baptist minister. Makinson says that his challenge to prayers has led to his being ridiculed and accused of being a Communist. His lawsuit also challenges the opening of school board meetings with an invocation that Makinson says is sectarian.

Rally In Conn. To Oppose Church-State Separation Draws Unwanted Support

Minutemen United, an Ohio-based Christian group, is planning to hold a rally on Tuesday in Danbury, Connecticut, according to last Thursday’s Danbury News-Times. The rally will call for an end to the separation of church and state. Its location was chosen because Thomas Jefferson’s famous reference to “a wall of separation between church and state” is found in his 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptist Association. After a neo-Nazi group, the Grey Wolves, said they would attend the rally, Danbury officials revoked Minutemen United’s permit to hold the rally on Danbury Green and asked them to find private property for the gathering so they can control who attends. Minutemen United says they are opposed to any association with the white supremacist group, according to a second story in the News-Times.

7th Circuit Says Notre Dame Might Need To Repay Government Funds

On Thursday, in a decision written by Judge Richard Posner, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals in a 2-1 decision reversed the lower court's dismissal of a taxpayers' Establishment Clause challenge to federal funding of a Catholic teacher training program. The case is Laskowski v. Spellings (7th Cir., April 13, 2006). While the court agreed with the lower court that plaintiffs' petition for an injunction was moot since all the appropriated funds had been spent, it held that there was still the possibility that the court could order the recipient of the funding, Notre Dame University, to repay the funds it received to the federal Treasury if it turns out that the Department of Education unconstitutionally transferred tax money to Notre Dame. Judge Diane Sykes dissented arguing that the plaintiffs never asked for the restitutionary relief that the majority says is possible, and such relief is inconsistent with the cases on taxpayer standing which have never recognized a private party's right to seek repayment to the Treasury as a remedy in Establishment Clause cases. The Chicago Sun Times and the Ft. Wayne News-Sentinel covered the decision.

New Illinois Law Protects Condo Owners' Right To Put Up Mezuzahs

Illinois Governor Rod R. Blagojevich today signed legislation that was designed to guarantee condominium owners the right to observe their religion at home, specifically including the display of objects on their front door. (Press release.) The legislation, S.2165 was prompted by several cases where Chicago co-op boards passed rules banning the display of religious symbols in hallways-- including barring Jewish residents from placing mezuzahs on their doorposts. The bill passed unanimously in both the state House and the Senate. It becomes effective January 1, 2007.

President Extends Passover Greetings

President George W. Bush yesterday issued a statement (full text) extending Passover greetings to all those observing the holiday. The 8-day long Jewish festival begins at sundown tonight. Beginning his statement with a quotation from the Biblical book of Exodus, the President concluded with this wish:

During this celebration of faith and hope, we are reminded that freedom is the Almighty's gift to every man, woman, and child. We pray for a more peaceful and hopeful world where the blessings of liberty are bestowed upon all mankind.

Church Refuses Social Services To Transsexual

A new sort of conflict between non-discrimination rules and faith-based social services has arisen in St. Francis, Minnesota. UPI reported yesterday that the Missouri Synod Trinity Lutheran Church will no longer take clients from Anoka County, Minn. The church refused to serve day-care lunch to a transsexual-- now a woman who had undergone a sex change from her prior identity as a man. The church said the gender change violates its religious beliefs.

Navajo Family's Claim Regarding Autopsy and Cremation Dismissed

The Associated Press reports that a New Mexico federal district court on April 4 dismissed the remaining state free exercise of religion claims in a suit by a Navajo family who accused the state Office of the Medical Investigator of violating tribal religious traditions when it performed an autopsy and then erroneously cremated the body of Abel Taylor. An earlier opinion in the case, Taylor v. Zumwalt, upheld plaintiffs' standing under New Mexico's RFRA statute.

South Carolina Considering Religious Release Time Law

The Charlotte Observer today reports that the state Senate is about to consider a bill that would authorize high schools to provide "release time" for students to attend religious courses. Even without the legislation, 71 schools in South Carolina already offer such programs-- all so far run by Protestant organizations.

Two New Scholarly Articles Online

Here are two new articles recently posted on Bepress:

Jeffrey H. Goldfien, Thou Shalt Love Thy Neighbor: RLUIPA and the Mediation of Religious Land Use Disputes (April 1, 2006).

Maxim Grinberg, Combating Defamation of Religion v. Freedom of Speech: Finding the Balance in a Democratic Society (March 25, 2006).

Serbian Orthodox Face Problems In Macedonia

The Christian Science Monitor yesterday reported on the severe problems faced by the the Serbian Orthodox Church in Macedonia. Its followers meet in secrecy in Skopje. The Macedonian chapter of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights filed a complaint with the European Court of Human Rights last month after Macedonia's highest court upheld a law barring the Serbian Orthodox Church from functioning in Macedonia. The dispute centers around controversial Archbishop Jovan Vraniskovski who broke with the Macedonian Orthodox Church in July 2002. He has previously been jailed for his religious activities, but is also charged with financial misconduct from 2001 and 2002 when he was still affiliated with the Macedonian Orthodox Church. (See prior related posting.)

Recent Prisoner Cases Include Claims By Man Arrested For Suspicion Of 9/11 Involvement

The opinion in Omar v. Casterline, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17302 (WD La., Feb. 8, 2006), has just become available. It involves an arrest made in the immediate wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the U.S. Hady Hassan Omar was taken into custody, suspected of being linked to the 9/11 plot because he had purchased an airline ticket for the morning of 9/11 from the same internet account as two of the known hijackers. Omar was questioned by the FBI and after a few days' custody in Arkansas was transferred to the United States Penitentiary at Pollock, Louisiana where he was held until Nov. 23, 2001. He claims that during his detention at Pollock, his free exercise rights were infringed. His charges relate to being served pork, or being served pork substitute without being told it was a substitute; to inteferences with his observance of Ramadan, including being given the wrong date for its commencement; and to mocking of his religion by prison officials. All the claims were dismissed, either on grounds of qualified immunity or de minimis interference with Free Exercise rights. The court held that the Religious Freedom Restoration Act has no impact on the claims because it only deals with challenges to neutral laws of general applicability.

In an unrelated prisoner free-exercise decision recently released, Blount v. Johnson, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17300 (WD Va., Feb. 14, 2006), a Virginia federal district court rather summarily dismissed a challenge to state prison grooming rules on the basis of 4th Circuit precedent.

Title VII Suit Seeks Relief From Biometric Fingerprinting

The Columbia Missourian on Sunday covered an unusual Title VII employment discrimination case brought by a fundamentalist Christian who was fired after he refused to use a time clock that is triggered by his biometric fingerprint. Donny Attaway, a member of New Covenant Faith Center in Independence, Missouri, believes that fingerprinting could be the "mark of the beast" warned against in the New Testament Book of Revelation. The Alliance Defense Fund attorney defending Attaway admits that this is an unusual interpretation of the Biblical passages. Many others believe that the mark of the beast is the number 666, or rely on the passages from Revelation to oppose using a Social Security number for identification. The suit claims that Attaway's employer, QuickTrip, should accommodate Attaway's religious beliefs by permitting him to use his Social Security code at work, as is done for employees with broken fingers.

Interdisciplinary Journal of Research On Religion

I have learned of a fairly new journal that is published online-- The Interdisciplinary Journal of Research On Religion. New articles appear as they are accepted. The two most recent are:

Marie A. Eisenstein, Religious Motivation vs. Traditional Religiousness: Bridging the Gap Between Religion and Politics and the Psychology of Religion

Brian J. Grim and Roger Finke, International Religion Indexes: Government Regulation, Government Favoritism, and Social Regulation of Religion

[Thanks to Pasquale Annicchino for the information.]

Church Wins RLUIPA Land Use Case

Mintz v. Roman Catholic Bishop, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17255 (D. Mass., March 30, 2006), involves a RLUIPA religious land-use claim is a different procedural posture than usual. The Lennox, Massachusetts Zoning Board of Appeals issued a building permit to St. Ann's Parish, even though the proposed parish center violated the setback and coverage requirements of the town's zoning bylaws. It did so after town counsel advised the Board that refusal to issue the permit would violate RLUIPA. Neighboring property owners sued to challenge the Board's decision. Now a Massachusetts federal district court has upheld the zoning board's decision, and along the way affirmed the constitutionality of RLUIPA's land use provisions.

Christian Coalition Faces Financial Distress

Yesterday's Washington Post reports that the once politically powerful Christian coalition has fallen on hard financial times. While it once employed a dozen Capitol Hill lobbyists, now it has only one Washington employee who works out of his home. The departure of Pat Robertson after a controversial CNN interview defending China's one-child policy, the departure of Ralph Reed to become a political consultant, and battles over the group's tax status because of its voters' guides all had an impact on the Coalition's fund-raising ability.

White House Easter Egg Roll Politicized This Year

On April 17 [corrected date] the annual White House Easter Egg Roll is being held on the South Lawn of the White House. (White House announcement.) In connection with it, the White House has posted online an "Easter Word Search"puzzle-- no religious terms used in it.

However, this year the event is likely to be more politicized than usual. Some 200 gay families, organized by the National Pride Coalition, will be attending. The White House event is open to anyone who stands in line early enough to get tickets, so long as the person is part of a group with no more than 2 adults and with at least one child under 8. The NPC plans, aimed at introducing gay families as "real" families to the President and the public, are disussed in the International Herald Tribune, by Gay.com and by the Scripps-Howard News Service. Andrea Lafferty, executive director of the Traditional Values Coalition complained: "For crying out loud, at the Easter Egg roll? This is a family event." She called the plans "very distasteful", saying it was inappropriate to politicize the egg roll and to use children to do so. However, Peter Watkins, deputy press secretary to Laura Bush, who is in charge of the egg roll, said: "It's an event that has a great tradition and all families are welcome to attend."

British Court Rules Sham Marriage Law Creates Religious Discrimination

BBC News today reports that Britain's High Court has ruled a law intended to prevent sham marriages by immigrants desiring to stay in the UK is invalid because it discriminates on the basis of religion. The 2005 law requires most immigrants who are in Britain temporarily to obtain permission from the Home Office to marry. However, there is an exception for those who marry in the Church of England. The court found that there was "no adequate justification" for the marriage regulations to be used to control immigration, and held that the rules are incompatible with human rights law because those marrying within the Church of England are not subject to the same approval requirements as those wed civilly or in another faith. The government had argued that there was no evidence of sham schemes involving the Church of England. The judge has granted the government permission to appeal the decision.

Fundamentalist Christian Campaign Against Tolerance Policies Protecting Gays

The Los Angeles Times this morning carries an article detailing the broader campaign behind the lawsuit filed last month by the Alliance Defense Fund challenging the speech code and tolerance policies at Georgia Institute of Technology. The suit is part of a move to force public schools and colleges, as well as private employers, to eliminate policies protecting gays and lesbians from harassment on the ground that such policies interfere with the religious rights of conservative Christians who wish to denounce homosexuality as a sinful lifestyle. Evangelist Rev. Rick Scarborough frames the issue as defending the right to be Christian, and calls it the civil rights struggle of the 21st century.

Recent Scholarly Articles of Interest

From Bepress:
Adam E. Lyons, Here Is the Church, Now Who Owns the Steeple? A Revised Approach to Church Property Disputes (March 20, 2006).

From SSRN:

• Thomas Berg, The Permissible Scope of Limitations on the Freedom of Religion and Belief in the United States, 19 Emory Journal of International Law 1277 (2005).
• Marc O. Degirolami, Recoiling From Religion, forthcoming in San Diego Law Review.
  

From SmartCILP:

• Jason Daniel Medinger, The Holy See, Historicity, and Humanitarian Intervention: Using Integrative Jurisprudence To Inform Contemporary Practice, 41 Texas International Law Jour. 39-66 (2006).
• Jeremy Patrick-Justice, Strict Scrutiny for Denominational Preferences: Larson In Retrospect, 8 New York City Law Review 53-121 (2005).
  

President Speaks At National Catholic Prayer Breakfast

Last Friday, President George W. Bush spoke (text of remarks) at the 3rd Annual National Catholic Prayer Breakfast in Washington, D.C. The breakfast, promoted as an "annual event ... created in 2004 in response to beloved Pope John Paul II's appeal for a 'New Evangelization' ... to spread the Word of the Gospel", the event attracted numerous federal officials. In his remarks, the President acknowledged the presence of Chief Justice John Roberts, Secretary of Veterans Affairs Jim Nicholson (a former ambassador to the Vatican), and Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum. The President used the occasion to promote immigration reform, just hours before an announced Senate compromise on the immigration bill fell apart. Bush also spoke of freedom around the world, remarks lauded in a post by Rick Garnett at Mirror of Justice.

Courts Decide More Prisoner Religion Cases As Media Look At Prison Religion Issues

In People v. Farrell (NY S.Ct., App. Div., April 6, 2006), a New York appellate court held that at his criminal trial, the court did not violate Dennis Farrell's right to free exercise of religion by denying his request for an adjournment on a Friday afternoon so he could return to Rikers Island before sundown to observe the Jewish Sabbath. The court had a compelling interest in completing his trial without a weekend adjournment. At any rate, when Farrell made his request for adjournment, it was already too late to get him back to Rikers Island before the Sabbath began.

In Raines v. Siegelman, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15542 (MD Ala., March 1, 2006), an Alabama federal Magistrate Judge recommended dismissal of a prisoner's complaint that his free exercise rights were infringed, finding that the prisoner's refusal to participate in a religious-based substance abuse program was not the cause of his being denied a reduction in custody or favorable consideration for parole. The court also found that an alternative substance abuse program was available for the prisoner at least for part of his time in prison.

In Eberle v. Wilkinson, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15053 (SD Ohio, March 31, 2006), an Ohio federal Magistrate Judge denied summary judgment to prison officials, holding that a genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether a prisoner held asserted religious beliefs, even when those beliefs were not part of the Asatru faith to which he claimed to belong. The court also held that as to another plaintiff, there remained a genuine issue as to whether he was required to participate in a religiously-based substance abuse program.

In Caldwell v. Ewing, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17047 (CD Ill., March 24, 2006), an Illinois federal district court rejected a prisoner's claim that her free exercise rights were infringed when prison officials confiscated pre-paid, self addressed envelopes furnished by a church for the prisoner to return her work on Bible lessons. The prison had declared the envelopes to be contraband because they were being used by inmates as money.

Meanwhile, newspapers today focus on religious concerns of inmates. The Wilmington, North Carolina, Star News today chronicles the numerous religious services offered in the New Hanover County jail. And the San Antonio, Texas, Express-News covers the efforts growing out of pending litigation, to obtain kosher food for Jewish prison inmates in Texas. Bill Pierce, director of chaplaincy for Texas Department of Criminal Justice, says that some prisoners make insincere religious claims in order to obtain special treatment.

Santeria Sacrifices Pose Problems In Florida

Rafael Martinez, a professor of anthropology at Barry University, has created a course for law enforcement officials in Miami-Dade County, Florida, to educate them about ritualistic religions, originating in West Africa and brought to the Americas by enslaved blacks who combined them with elements of Christianity. These religions include Santeria of Cuba, Congo's Palo Mayombe and Haitian Vodou. Knight-Ritter News, in a story from Kendall, Florida, outlines the problems created particularly by animal sacrifices placed by practitioners of Santeria near CSX railroad lines. Animals, as well as cloth-wrapped coins, are left there as sacrifices to Ogun, the god of war and iron. The mystical powers attributed to the iron in the spikes and rails are an important part of Santero symbolism.

Canadian University Charged With Favoring Jewish Students

David Noble, a Jewish professor at York University in Toronto, has filed a complaint with the Ontario Human Rights Commission charging that the university discriminates against non-Jewish students because it cancels classes for the Jewish holidays, Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. This week’s Forward, reporting on the controversy, says that 10% of York's 50,000 students are Jewish. York is the only university in Canada to cancel classes on any religious holiday other than statutory holidays such as Christmas. However, at York, students of other faiths can be excused from class on their holidays if they speak with their professors in advance. Prof. Noble claims that York’s policy violates the York University Act of 1965, which forbids the school from imposing religious observances on any of its members. Noble is already involved in another claim against the University in which he is seeking $8 million in damages. In that suit, now being arbitrated, Noble claims the University wrongfully accused him of "bigotry and racism" after he distributed a flier attacking the "pro-Israel lobby" at the York University Foundation, the university's fund-raising arm. [Thanks to Dick Schectman for the lead.]

New Center That Receives Faith-Based Funding Highlighted

In Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, U.S. Senator Rick Santorum last night spoke at the opening of the El Shaddai Ministries' Bethlehem Christian Training Center that has received more than $300,000 in federal aid through President Bush's Faith and Community Based Initiative. The Allentown, Pennsylvania Morning Call reported Friday on the programs offered by the Center that are funded by federal dollars. One helps former prisoners find jobs; another teaches budgeting and financial literacy to people planning to buy their own homes; and a third provides marriage counseling. Rob Boston, a spokesman for Americans United for Separation of Church and State, complained that Faith Based funds are being used to further political goals where there are tight electoral races. Rev. Marilyn Hartman, executive pastor of El Shaddai, is married to the Rev. Gerry Hartman who was one of the plaintiffs in a 2002 lawsuit that unsuccessfully challenged the extension of Allentown's anti-discrimination laws to protect gays, lesbians and transsexuals.

California Water Engineer Charges Religious Discrimination

In Napa, California, the Napa Valley Register yesterday reported on a federal lawsuit filed by Turan Ramadan, a public works engineer in the city's water department. Ramadan claims that Napa officials have harassed him and discriminated against him because of his Turkish ethnicity and Muslim religion. The harassment intensified after an Oct. 15, 2003, incident in which his supervisor ordered potentially injurious amounts of chemicals to be added to the city's drinking water. Napa City Attorney Michael Barrett says that Ramadan's charges are without merit.

Second Circuit Voids Noise Ordinance As Applied To Preacher

On Thursday, in Deegan v. City of Ithaca, (2d Cir., April 6, 2006), the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals upheld free speech and due process claims raised by Kevin Deegan, a Christian preacher, who challenged Ithaca, New York's application of its noise ordinance to prevent him from preaching in a raised voice in the downtown Ithaca Commons. The city interprets its noise ordinance to cover any noise, including speech, that can be heard 25 feet away. Finding that Ithaca Commons is a public forum, the court held that the city, by setting sound levels as low as it does, violated the First Amendment because it has not narrowly tailored its regulation to serve its interest in maintaining a reasonable level of sound. The court also concluded that Deegan did not have fair notice of the city's 25-foot rule in enforcement of its regulation, but denied his claim of selective enforcement.

Louisiana Considers Ingenious Solution To School Board Prayer

In Louisiana’s House of Representatives on Thursday, the House and Governmental Affairs Committee approved House Bill 182, a response to a federal judge’s decision last year that prohibited the Tangipahoa Parish School Board from opening its meetings with prayer. 2theadvocate.com reported yesterday that, in a rather ingenious approach, the bill would permit public bodies, such as school boards, go into executive sessions at the beginning of their otherwise public meetings to say prayers. Representatives’ comments on the proposal covered the waterfront. Rep. Juan LaFonta, the bill’s sponsor, said he would be upset if someone used a closed prayer session to lobby board members. Rather succinctly, Rep. Billy Montgomery said, "We do a lot of worse things than pray." [Thanks to Christianity Today for the lead.]

Mass. High Court Gives Prisoners Broad State Free Exercise Protection

In two decisions handed down on Thursday, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court clarified the tests it would apply under the state constitution to claims by prisoners that their rights to the free exercise of religion have been infringed. The Court also found that the standard required by the Massachusetts Constitution was at least as protective as those imposed by the federal Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act. Both cases involved claims by Muslim inmates.

In Rasheed v. Commissioner of Correction (Mass. Sup. Jud. Ct., April 7, 2006), the court held :

that the Massachusetts Constitution is more protective of the religious freedoms of prisoners than the United States Constitution, and that the proper standard of review to be applied to the infringement of such freedoms is consequently more demanding. In determining the constitutionality of department regulations and policies that burden the free exercise of religion by those in its custody, we will look to whether those regulations and policies advance compelling State interests, and, if so, are "tailored narrowly in pursuit of those interests."…. [The Massachusetts Constitution], art. 46, sec. 4, affirms that inmates of publicly controlled penal institutions are not to be deprived of the "opportunity of religious exercises therein of [their] own faith."

Applying this standard the court upheld Rasheed’s claims regarding denial of religious meals, but rejected the remainder of his claims. The Boston Globe today reported on the case, emphasizing the Court’s finding that the state had not justified its practice of providing Muslim inmates inappropriate food for the celebration of two holidays, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.

In Ahmad v. Department of Corrections (Mass. Sup. Jud. Ct., April 7, 2006), the Supreme Judicial Court upheld the dismissal of claims brought by a Muslim prisoner who argued that restrictions on his possession of various religious items, and giving him vegetarian meals rather than ones containing halal meat, unlawfully prevented him from practicing his Islamic faith. Applying the standard it had just announced in Rasheed, the court rejected Ahmad’s claims. It also said that if the prison regulations and policies challenged by Ahmad are permissible under the Massachusetts Constitution, they will meet the requirements of RLUIPA.

Malaysia Considering Required Disclosure of Planned Conversion To Islam

In Malaysia, The Star yesterday reported that the Prime Minister's office is considering proposing legislation to require non-Muslims who plan to convert to Islam to inform their families. Since conversion subjects the individual to the jurisdiction of Sharia courts rather than civil courts in the country, there is a need to settle issues of maintenance, custody and division of assets, as well as deciding the religion in which children will be raised, before converting. This will also resolve problems over custody of the convert's body when he dies. Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department Datuk Seri Mohd Nazri Aziz said that conversion to Islam should not be used to escape civil law responsibilities.

U.S. Will Not Seek Seat On New U.N. Human Rights Council

Yesterday’s New York Times reported that the United States will not be a candidate for one of the 47 seats on the new United Nations Human Rights Council. The HRC was approved last month by the General Assembly, with the United States being almost alone in opposing it because of insufficient safeguards against countries with human rights violations becoming members. (See prior posting.) John R. Bolton, the United States envoy, said that U.S. leverage would be greater by not running. Others, however, speculated that the U.S. feared it could not obtain the 96 votes in the U.N. General Assembly needed to be elected in light of revelations of abuses of detainees in Iraq and of clandestine prisons abroad. Felice Gaer, director of the Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights criticized the U.S. decision not to seek a place on the Commission, saying "All key decision about serious reform issues, from the curtailment of inappropriate bodies to whether and how countries are scrutinized, will be made in the first year."

Israel's High Court Dramatically Limits Jurisdiction Of Rabbinic Tribunals

In a surprising decision yesterday, a panel of Israel's High Court of Justice significantly limited the jurisdiction of the country's Rabbinic Courts, taking away their power to act as arbitrators on matters not otherwise within their statutory jurisdiction. Haaretz today reports on the decision. The High Court held that Religious Tribunals, which are part of Israel's official judicial system, cannot obtain jurisdiction in financial or other disputes not involving personal status merely by parties agreeing to submit a matter to them. The issue was decided in a case brought by Sima Amir, a Jerusalem divorcee, who was trying to get her former husband to comply with their divorce agreement that he would make mortgage payments on Sima's Jerusalem apartment. The divorce agreement contained a provision that the parties would submit any future disputes to the Rabbinic Court. The High Court decision will not only affect future cases, but may nullify many past arbitration rulings.

New Zealand Police Want Ban On Drivers Wearing Burqa

In New Zealand, a police union has called for a total ban on women driving while wearing a burqa. CNS News reported yesterday that the proposal came after officials instituted a new policy of only permitting female officers to check the identity of women drivers who are covered by a burqa. The Police Association said its proposal was motivated by safety concerns and concern that criminals could use a burqa to conceal their identity. This is not the first time New Zealand authorities have struggled with the issue of Muslim dress. Last year a court required Muslim women testifying in a fraud case to remove their veils-- screened from public view-- so the court could assess their demeanor during their testimony.

Egyptian Court Vindicates Rights of Bahais

In Egypt, according to Reuters, a landmark ruling this week by the Administrative Court has recognized the right of Bahais to have their religion acknowledged on official documents. In 1983, a similar ruling was issued. However in 2004, the Interior Ministry's Civil Status Department reinstated an earlier policy of forcing Bahais to identify as Muslim or Christian. This week's suit was filed by a married couple whose official documentation had been confiscated because it listed their religion as Bahai.

Claims Against NSF In Berkeley Evolution Website Suit Dismissed

After dismissing for lack of standing a suit against the University of California, Berkeley, claiming that its website "Understanding Evolution" promoted religion (see prior posting), a San Francisco federal district court has, in a second opinion, similarly dismissed claims against the other defendant in the case, the National Science Foundation. The NSF dismissal is Caldwell v. Caldwell, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16251 (ND Cal., March 20, 2006).

Austrian Imams' Conference Begins Today

Islam Online reported earlier this week that the Austrian government is sponsoring a conference beginning today that will bring together 150 Muslim leaders, imams and female preachers from 40 European countries. Austrian Chancellor Wolfgang Schuessel and Foreign Minister Ursula Plassnik will attend the opening session. British and German Muslim parliamentarians have been also invited to the conference. A similar conference a year ago focused on ending stereotyping and demonizing of Muslims. The Associated Press yesterday reported on this year's conference, saying that the key issue will now be how to create a distinct identity for European Muslims. A similar emphasis is found in a Radio Free Europe interview with Dr. Abduljalil Sajid, the chairman of Britain's Muslim Council for Religious and Racial Harmony, published yesterday.

Boy Scout Jamboree Case Argued In 7th Circuit

The Chicago Tribune reports on arguments yesterday in the U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals in Winkler v. Rumsfeld, a case brought by the ACLU challenging government funding of the Boy Scouts annual jamboree. (See prior posting.) The trial court had held that the funding violates the First Amendment because the funding favors religion. The Boy Scouts oath require members to affirm a "duty to God". The government argued yesterday that: "Any group can approach the military ... and request similar aid to what the Boy Scouts are getting. The plaintiffs haven't shown, on the record, that anybody has ever requested it and been denied." Background on the case is reported by the AP and the Washington Post. The ACLU's brief in the appeal and recordings of yesterday's oral arguments are available online.

UPDATE: Here is a link to all the briefs in the case. [Thanks to How Appealing.]

New Mexico Court Refuses Jurisdiction Over Rabbi's Suit

In Celnik v. Congregation B'nai Israel, a New Mexico Court of Appeals in an opinion originally released Feb. 6 and issued in corrected form April 4, 2006, applied the church autonomy doctrine to dismiss a suit by a long-tenured rabbi against his synagogue after his employment was terminated. Describing the case as raising an issue of first impression in New Mexico, the court held that the church autonomy doctrine protects religious institutions from governmental interference. Rabbi Celnik claimed that defendants had disseminated one-sided information about him to sway the congregation to compel him to resign. He claimed his dismissal was actually motivated by his Parkinson's disease, his age, his wife's medical condition and his complaints about the congregation's failure to compensate him in accordance with his contract.

Missouri House Passes Proposed Constitutional Amendment On School Prayer

Today the Missouri House of Representatives passed and sent on to the Senate HJR 39, that would ask the voters to amend the Missouri Constitution's bill of rights to protect school prayer. If passed by the Senate, the proposed amendment will then go to a vote of the people. The new Art. I, Sec. 5 would read [new language in italics]:

That all men and women have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences; that no human authority can control or interfere with the rights of conscience; that no person shall, on account of his or her religious persuasion or belief, be rendered ineligible to any public office or trust or profit in this state, be disqualified from testifying or serving as a juror, or be molested in his or her person or estate; that to secure a citizen's right to acknowledge Almighty God according to the dictates of personal convictions, neither the state nor any of its political subdivisions shall establish any official religion, but a citizen's right to pray or to express his or her religious beliefs shall not be infringed; that the state shall not compose prayers nor coerce any person to participate in any prayer or other religious activity, but shall ensure public school students their right to free exercise of religious expression without interference, as long as such prayer or other expression is private and voluntary, whether individually or corporately, and in a manner that is not disruptive nor in violation of other policies, rules, or standards, and as long as such prayers or expressions abide within the same parameters placed upon any other free speech under similar circumstances; and, to emphasize the right to free exercise of religious expression, that all free public schools receiving state appropriations shall display, in a conspicuous and legible manner, the text of the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States; but this section shall not be construed to excuse acts of licentiousness, nor to justify practices inconsistent with the good order, peace or safety of the state, or with the rights of others.

The vote in the House was 134 yes, 17 no, and 3 present. The St. Louis Post Dispatch reported yesterday that proponents of the constitutional amendment say it will prevent litigation and will make clear to students what their rights are. Opponents say it is unnecessary and could create confusion. Democrats failed in an attempt to add a provision that would set a popular vote on the proposed amendment in August. They believe that placing the amendment on the November ballot might draw more Republicans to the polls than otherwise.

Jewish Leaders Debate Abramoff Sentencing Letters

The Washington Jewish Week yesterday carried a long article discussing the ambivalence in the Jewish community about the fact that six rabbis and the president of the Greater Washington Jewish Federation were among the 260 people writing letters to Florida federal district Judge Paul Huck urging leniency in sentencing of lobbyist Jack Abramoff. Many of the letters were quoted in a memorandum in aid of sentencing filed with the court by Abramoff's lawyers. Their memo pointed out that Abramoff "often gave more than 80 percent of his income to charitable and community projects and to individuals outside his family." Another article on the topic is in this week's Forward. Abramoff received the minimum sentence permissible under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, --five years and 10 months-- after prosecutors told the judge that Abramoff was cooperating in their ongoing investigation and had expressed remorse for his actions. (Washington Post).

DC Voucher Plan Is Succeeding With Parents and Students

Today's New York Times carries a front-page article reporting that the federal school voucher program in the District of Columbia is attracting more participation and is winning the support of minority parents. More than half the students in the program attend religious schools, mostly Roman Catholic.

Nepalese Court Sentences Woman For Slaughtering Cow

BBC News reported this week that a court in the Sankhuasabha district of Nepal has sentenced a woman to 12 years in prison for slaughtering a cow. Cows are considered sacred in the Hindu kingdom, and killing them (but not eating beef) is illegal. The woman who was sentenced is not Hindu.

8th Circuit Upholds Contempt Finding For Conducting Religious Baccalaureate Ceremony

This week, in Warnock v. Archer (8th Cir., April 4, 2006), the U.S. 8th Circuit court of Appeals upheld the trial court's civil contempt order against the DeValls Bluff Arkansas School District and its employees for violating an injunction that prohibited them from orchestrating or supervising prayers at school graduation or baccalaureate ceremonies. A 2004 baccalaureate ceremony included an invocation and benediction by local ministers. While school officials claimed that the baccalaureate service was a student-organized event, the court found that school employees were involved with almost every aspect of the service's preparation. The Associated Press reports that the successful plaintiff in this litigation, Paul Warnock, was eventually fired as a teacher, but lost his suit claiming that his dismissal was because of his complaints about religious discrimination and Christian prayer in the school.

US Senate Resolution Backs Religious Freedom In Afghanistan

On Tuesday, the United States Senate passed a resolution, S. Res. 421, calling on the government of Afghanistan to uphold freedom of religion and urging the government of the United States to promote religious freedom in Afghanistan. The House of Representatives passed a similar resolution last week.