11th Circuit: Muslim's Employment Discrimination Claim Not Supported

In MackMuhammad v. Cagle's Inc., (11th Cir., May 12, 2010), the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal of a religious discrimination in employment and hostile work environment suit brought by a Muslim man who was rejected for a superintendent's position at a poultry plant. The court said plaintiff had not demonstrated he was qualified for the position, or that similarly situated non-Muslim employees were treated more favorably. It also rejected his claim that references to him in the workplace as "Bin Laden" and jokes about his refusal to eat pork amounted to a hostile work environment. Finally, it dismissed his state law intentional infliction of emotional distress claim.

Two Clergy Sexual Abuse Cases Filed In Florida

The Orlando (FL) Sentinel reports that a new clergy abuse lawsuit was filed yesterday in Orange County, Florida against the Catholic Diocese of Orlando and the Diocese of Gary, Indiana. It accuses former priest Richard Emerson, who was on temporary assignment from Indiana, of abusing the plaintiff in the late 1980's and early 1990's. A second lawsuit was filed in Orange County earlier this month involving allegations against former priest Vernon H. Uhran by an Orlando man who claimed that in 1970, when plaintiff was a 14-year old altar boy, Uhran repeatedly sexually abused him after plying him with alcohol during a spiritual retreat to a beach.

Anonymous Letter Claims To Be From Veteran Who Stole Sunrise Rock Cross

Yesterday's Barstow, California Desert Dispatch published an anonymous letter claiming to explain the theft earlier this week of the Cross on Sunrise Rock in the Mojave National Preserve World War I memorial. (See prior posting.) The newspaper, which said it could not verify the validity of the letter, reported it was transmitted by an anonymous caller who claimed it was written by the person directly responsible for the theft. The letter writer, claiming to be a veteran, said his decision to "lovingly" move the cross was impelled by language in the Supreme Court's recent decision permitting it to remain. (See prior posting.) The letter read in part:

5. The cross was erected illegally on public land in 1998 by a private individual named Henry Sandoz. Since then the government has actively worked to promote the continued existence of the cross, even as it excluded other monuments from differing religions. This favoritism and exclusion clearly violates the establishment clause of the US Constitution.

6. Anthony Kennedy desecrated and marginalized the memory and sacrifice of all those non-Christians that died in WWI when he wrote: 'Here one Latin cross in the desert evokes far more than religion. It evokes thousands of small crosses in foreign fields marking the graves of Americans who fell in battles — battles whose tragedies are compounded if the fallen are forgotten.' The irony and tragedy of that statement is unique.

7. Justice Kennedy’s words in particular and others like them from the other Justices caused me to act.

8. At the time of its removal there was nothing to identify the cross as a memorial of any kind, and the simple fact of the matter is that the only thing it represented was an oddly placed tribute to Christ. This cross evoked nothing of the sort that Justice Kennedy writes of, it was in the end simply a cross in the desert....

12. We as a nation need to change the dialogue and stop pretending that this is about a war memorial. If it is a memorial, then we need to stop arguing about the cross and instead place a proper memorial on that site, one that respects Christians and non-Christians alike, and one that is actually recognizable as a war memorial.

13. If an appropriate and permanent non-sectarian memorial is placed at the site the cross will be immediately returned to Mr. Sandoz.

14. Alternatively, if a place can be found that memorializes the Christian Veterans of WWI that is not on public land the Cross will promptly be forwarded with care and reverence for installation at the private site.

[Thanks to Scott Mange for the lead.]

UPDATE: The May 16 San Bernadino Sun reports that rewards for return of the stolen cross now total $125,000.

Remedies Imposed In Muslim Charity's Challenge To Terrorist Designation

In KindHearts for Charitable Humanitarian Development, Inc. v. Geithner, (ND OH, May 10, 2010), an Ohio federal district court issued an opinion on the appropriate remedy in a Muslim charity's challenge to the procedures used by the U.S. Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control in designating the charity a Global Terrorist Group. Last August, the court held that the government should have obtained a search warrant; that OFAC had applied vague criteria and did not give the charity adequate notice and opportunity to be heard; and had improperly blocked access to funds for KindHearts to use to pay its counsel. (See prior posting.) In October it issued a preliminary injunction against further action pending the cout's decision on a remedy. (See prior posting.) This week, in fashioning a remedy, the court refused to invalidate the order blocking KindHearts' assets, and instead decided to hold a post-seizure probable cause review as a remedy for the warrantless seizure and continuing retention of KindHearts' assets. At the hearing the government will be required to show that it had reasonable ground to believe that KindHearts was subject to designation as a terrorist group. Also it may cure its Fourth Amendment violation by showing probable cause for the original seizure.

As to the failure to give notice and opportunity to be heard, the court imposed as a remedy a remand. The court will hold an ex parte, in camera meeting with the government to decide what classified evidence will give KindHearts adequate notice. It also remanded to the Office of Foreign Asset Control for further consideration the issue of payment of attorneys' fees from blocked assets. IPS reports on the decision.

NGO's Oppose 5 Countries Running For Seats On UN Human Rights Council

The United Nations General Assembly is scheduled today to elect 14 new members to the 47-member Human Rights Council. UN Watch reports that human rights groups are calling on UN members to reject 5 of the 14 countries that are running unopposed. They say that Libya, Angola, Mauritania, Qatar and Malaysia all have poor human rights records. A particularly strong appeal has been made by 37 NGO's urging the defeat of Libya's candidacy. (Full text of NGO letter.)

New York Church Designated As Landmark Over Leaders' Objections

New York City Council yesterday approved landmark designation for the historic West Park Presbyterian Church at Amsterdam Ave. and 86th St. According to the New York Times, preservationists have waged a 20-year battle to save the Romanesque Revival building which has been closed for two years because of physical deterioration. Church leaders wanted to tear down part of the building and develop the site. The church's pastor, Rev. Dr. Robert L. Brashear said: "Forced landmarking has the effect of imposing the governmental idea of mission on the congregation. There is a profound church-state issue here." It will cost $11 to $12 million to restore the church.

Evangelicals Call For "Just Assimilation" Immigration Policy

A Statement (full text) released om Tuesday and signed by six leading evangelical leaders calls for a "just assimilation immigration policy." It says in part:

We must first secure our borders before we can implement a broader just assimilation immigration policy. Secure borders are not closed borders....

After securing our borders, we should allow the millions of undocumented and otherwise law-abiding persons living in our midst to come out of the shadows. The pathway for earned legal citizenship or temporary residency should involve a program of legalization for undocumented persons in the United States, subject to appropriate penalties, waiting periods, background checks, evidence of moral character, a commitment to full participation in American society through an understanding of the English language, the rights and duties of citizens and the structure of America’s government, and the embrace of American values.

We must return to a rational immigration policy that acknowledges that we are both a nation of immigrants and a nation of laws. It is our obligation to provide a just solution to those people who are currently undocumented under the present policy. That solution is neither amnesty nor mass deportation.

Among the signers of the statement were Liberty Counsel's Matt Staver, and Southern Baptist Convention's Richard Land. Also signing was the head of the National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference.

New Details of Elena Kagan's Bat Mitzvah Are Revealed

The New York Times published details yesterday of Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan's campaign as a 12-year girl old for more women's equality in Jewish religious life. Kagan's family belonged to the Orthodox, but progressive, Lincoln Square Synagogue, headed at that time by Rabbi Shlomo Riskin. A star Hebrew school pupil, Kagan convinced Rabbi Riskin to allow her to have the first formal Bat Mitzvah at a synagogue that previously only celebrated the Bar Mitzvah-- for boys. Kagan wanted a service identical to the Bar Mitzvah, at which she would read from the Torah on Saturday morning. However she had to negotiate for something less. Her ceremony was on Friday night, where she read from the Book of Ruth and gave a talk analyzing it. Rabbi Riskin, who now lives in Israel, says: "We crafted a lovely service, but I don't think I satisfied her completely. But she certainly raised my consciousness."

Protesters Prevent Cartoonist Vilks From Completing Talk On Art and Free Speech at Uppsala University

The Swedish cartoonist Lars Vilks was prevented by protesters from completing a lecture on art and free speech at Sweden's Uppsala University yesterday. Vilks' 2007 depiction of the head of the Prophet Muhammad on the body of a dog resulted in protests and death threats. (See prior posting.) In March, a U.S. woman was indicted for conspiracy to kill Vilks. CNN reports that at Uppsala, five audience members began protesting loudly before Vilks started his talk to the philosophy department. Police calmed the protesters, but as Vilks showed a film with sexual content, particularly a photo of naked gay men wearing masks representing the Prophet Muhammad, 15 to 20 members of the audience became loud and tried to attack him. (Tundra Tabloid). Vilks was taken by police to a nearby room for protection, and did not return to finish his talk. Sweden's The Local reports that three suspects have been arrested in the incident, but were then released.

Court Refuses To Dismiss Chabad's Claims Against Historic Commission Members

In Chabad Lubavitch of Litchfield County v. Borough of Lichtfield, Connecticut, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 45677 (D CT, May 7, 2010), a Connecticut federal district court held that a town and its Historic District Commission lack standing to move to dismiss civil rights claims brought against three members of the Historic District Commission in their individual capacities. At issue was Chabad's request for approval of its plans to restore and add onto a Victorian house on the edge of the District for use as as a synagogue, community center and for classes. (See prior posting.) The Commission denied Chabad a Certificate of Appropriateness for its site plan. Chabad brought claims under 42 USC 1985(3) and 1986 charging that three Commission members conspired and neglected to prevent a conspiracy to infringe its free exercise and associational rights.

British Police Recognize Pagan Officers Association

According to yesterday's London Times, Britain's Home Office has formally recognized the Pagan Police Association as a "diversity staff support organization." This means that Pagan police officers will be allowed to take off Pagan holidays as part of their annual leave. However the Home Office refused the Association's request for funding. Leave for Pagan officers on Samhain (Halloween) may create problems since traditionally police leaves are cancelled on that day because of the high incidence of vandalism. [Thanks to Scott Mange for the lead.]

Town's Emergency 911 Prayer Group Helps As Bad Weather Threatens

Yesterday's Tulsa World reports that in Miami, Oklahoma, ten churches participate in an Emergency 911 prayer group set up by the city's emergency management coordinator, and approved by its city manager, two years ago. The group was activated on Monday when forecasters said there was a threat of severe thunder storms. Emergency Management Coordinator Glenna Longan said that the town has not been hit by a severe storm since the group was formed. She says the group prepares the town in a spiritual sense for possible natural disasters. It also helps spread the word that severe weather is on the way and preparations should begin.

Indian Tribe Now Excluded From Sacred Site In California Marine Life Protection Initiative

Under California's Marine Life Protection Act Initiative, new regulations that became effective on May 1 set aside 21 Marine Protected Areas. The San Francisco Bay Independent Media Center yesterday reported that on April 30, Native American tribal leaders held a ceremony to bless a site that is sacred to the Kashia Tribe of Pomo Indians who are now excluded from gathering seaweed and fishing in the area. The site on Stewarts Point (called "Danaka" by the tribe) is referenced in the tribe's creation story. Some 25 tribes are pressuring California to address tribal ceremonial and subsistence rights as part of the MLPA process.

French Parliament Adopts Non-Binding Resolution Opposing the Burqa

In another step toward outlawing the wearing of the burqa in France, yesterday the French National Assembly, the country's Parliament, adopted by a vote of 434-0 a non-binding resolution declaring that "radical practices which violate the dignity and equality between men and women, such as the wearing of the full veil, are contrary to the values of the republic." AFP reports that 30 Communist members in the 577-seat National Assembly walked out in protest of the vote. The Sarkozy government is moving ahead with a bill that will formally ban the burqa in public (see prior posting), though the Socialist opposition, in order to avoid a court challenge, wants the ban limited to wearing of the burqa in state institutions. The government's bill will cover wealthy foreign tourists who currently often frequent shops in Paris while fully veiled.

Meanwhile yesterday, the Council of Europe announced in a press release that its Parliamentary Assembly's Committee on Culture, Science and Education has adopted a resolution opposing a general ban on the niqab or burqa for women who "genuinely and freely desire" to wear it. It said a more limited ban for security purposes or where public or professional functions call for religious neutrality or showing of one's face may be justified. However a broader ban may violate freedom of religion protected by the European Convention on Human Rights.

Muslim Police Officer's Religious Discrimination Claim Dismissed

In Wallace v. City of Philadelphia, (ED PA, April 26, 2010), a Pennsylvania federal district court held that a Muslim police officer's request to wear his beard longer than permitted by police department policy could not be reasonably accommodated without imposing an undue burden on the city. It therefore dismissed plaintiff's Title VII religious discrimination claim as well as his claim under the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act. Police Department policy permitted officers to wear beards up to one-quarter inch in length for medical or religious reasons. Plaintiff was eventually terminated for refusing to comply with this limitation. The court observed that "to permit employees to mark themselves uniquely in the name of religious accommodation, at the cost of maintaining an employer's neutrality and uniformity, may ask too much." [Thanks to Volokh Conspiracy for the lead.]

Sunrise Rock Cross-- Focus of SCOTUS Decision-- Stolen By Vandals

The Cross on Sunrise Rock in Mojave National Preserve-- the focus of a recent Supreme Court decision-- has been torn down by vandals. CNN reports that the 6-foot high metal cross that served as a memorial to those killed in World War I was removed Sunday night from its difficult-to-reach site in the California desert. Last month the U.S. Supreme Court issued a fragmented ruling in the Establishment Clause challenge to the cross, which had been transferred to the VFW in order to avoid constitutional issues. The Supreme Court's decision in Salazar v. Buono permitted the cross to remain, at least for now. The National Park Service is investigating the incident, but no arrests had been made as of Tuesday morning. [Thanks to James Maule via Religionlaw for the lead.]

Religious Advocacy Groups Issue Statements On Kagan Nomination

A number of religious advocacy groups have issued statements commenting on President Obama's nomination of Elena Kagan to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Baptist Joint Committee said it hopes Kagan, if confirmed, "will protect our most fundamental freedom — religious freedom — with a commitment to principles of both no establishment and free exercise embodied in our 'first freedom'." Catholic Families for America opposed the nomination, saying it had "'grave concerns' about her promotion of same-sex 'marriage' and abortion, as well as a 'dangerous internationalism' that has become fashionable among leftist jurists." The American Jewish Committee welcomed the nomination, saying: "We commend President Obama on nominating Elena Kagan, whose strong legal credentials make her a worthy candidate for the U.S. Supreme Court."

Americans United for Separation of Church and State said: "We simply don’t know much about Elena Kagan’s views on church-state separation.... It's the job of the Senate Judiciary Committee to fill in the picture by asking her questions about how religion and government should interact." Liberty Counsel also raised questions: "The Senate should press hard to question Elena Kagan on her judicial philosophy. The public deserves to know whether Kagan will use her transnational law philosophy as a lens through which she views the Constitution. And the public needs to know whether her personal views will trump the Constitution, as they appeared to do when she banned military recruiters from campus."

The Jewish Council for Public Affairs release said: "Supreme Court nominees should be held the highest standard and be fully committed to protecting justice for all and our nation's core values described in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.... We encourage Senators to give Ms. Kagan full and fair consideration and hope all sides keep discussions and debate civil." The Muslim Public Affairs Council said: "We call upon Ms. Kagan, if she is confirmed, to follow in the footsteps of Justice Stevens in his commitment to preserving individual freedoms, checking executive power, and upholding the rule of law which have made America a better place for over 35 years."

In Ontario Unemployed Teachers Are Changing Religion To Improve Job Chances

Toronto's Catholic District School Board, like most other Catholic school boards in Canada, requires that all teachers it hires for its schools must be Catholic-- a practice permitted under Ontario's Human Rights Code. Yesterday the Toronto Globe & Mail and Parentcentral.ca both report that increasingly unemployed, non-religious teachers are turning to Catholicism in order to get a teaching position. They are becoming increasingly involved in order to obtain a pastoral letter of recommendation from their parish priest. Ontario has twice as many teachers as teaching positions available. At least some of the teachers are apparently going through the motions of religious observance only so they can qualify for a teaching position. The superintendent of human resources for the Board doubts that teachers who were once practicing Catholics have disingenuous reasons for returning to their faith, and says those converting are generally interviewed during the conversion process.

First Freedom Center Has New President

Yesterday's Richmond Times-Dispatch reports that Randolph Marshall Bell, former
ambassador-at-large and special envoy for Holocaust issues for the State Department from 2002 to 2003, has become president of the First Freedom Center. The Center is devoted to increasing understanding and respect for religious liberty. Bell wants to expand the organization's national and international educational efforts, and expand the Center's use of electronic media to reach out to more schools and universities.

Elena Kagan Nominated By Obama To Supreme Court [UPDATED]

The White House this morning announced President Barack Obama's nomination of Solicitor General and former Harvard Law School Dean Elena Kagan to the U.S. Supreme Court to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens. (Full text of remarks by President and Kagan.) The New York Times today has an extensive background article on Kagan along with the full text of her confirmation hearings for Solicitor General. If confirmed, she will become the third Jewish Justice (along with Justices Ginsburg and Breyer). This will mark the first time that three members of the Jewish faith sit on the Supreme Court at the same time. Also, with Justice Stevens retirement, it will mark the first time that the high court has had no Protestant justices. (See prior posting.) One of the anecdotes recounted by the Times is Kagan's clash, as a 12 or 13 year old, with her rabbi over what the content of her bat mitzvah ceremony would be.

Much of Kagan's published scholarly writings (full list at pp. 52-53 of Hearings) focus on the constitutional issues surrounding the regulation of hate speech. These include: The Changing Faces of First Amendment Neutrality: R.A.V. v. St. Paul, Rust v. Sullivan, and the Problem of Content-Based Underinclusion, 1992 Supreme Court Review 29 [Hein-on-Line link]; Regulation of Hate Speech and Pornography After R.A.V., 60 Univ. Chi. L. Rev. 873 (1993) [LEXIS link]; When A Speech Code Is A Speech Code: The Stanford Policy and the Theory of Incidental Restraints, 29 UC Davis L. Rev. 957 (1996); and Private Speech, Public Purpose: The Role of Governmental Motive in First Amendment Doctrine, 63 U. Chi. L. Rev. 413 (1996) [LEXIS link].

During Kagan's confirmation hearings for Solicitor General, she was questioned (Hearings at pp. 97-98) about a memo she wrote as a law clerk for Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall suggesting that government funding through the Adolescent Family Life Act for faith-based social service organizations to discourage teen pregnancy was improper because inevitably religious teaching would be injected into the organizations' social services. At her hearings, she rejected her earlier position, saying in written answers that her earlier view was "deeply mistaken" and that she now believes that it is incorrect to presume that a religious organization will use grant funds in an impermissible way to further religion.