European Court Says Russia Violated Rights of LGBT Organizations

Last month, in Zhdanov and Others v. Russia, (ECHR, July 16, 2019), the European Court of Human Rights in a Chamber Judgment held that Russia had violated Article 6 (access to courts), Article 11 (freedom of association) and Article 14 (prohibition of discrimination) of the European Convention on Human Rights in refusing to register three organizations that promote LGBT rights.  Russia had denied registration on various grounds, including the contention that the organizations could destroy the moral values of society, decrease Russian population, jeopardize the institutions of family and marriage, and incite social or religious hatred. The Court issued a press release announcing the decision.

Russian Appeals Court Upholds Sentence of Jehovah's Witness

Moscow Times reports today that a 3-judge panel of a Russian appellate court has upheld the 6-year sentence of a Danish Jehovah's Witness adherent who was convicted of organizing a banned "extremist group".  According to the Times:

Armed police detained Dennis Christensen, a builder, in May 2017 at a prayer meeting in Oryol, some 200 miles (320 kilometers) south of Moscow after a court in the region outlawed the local Jehovah's Witnesses a year earlier.

Data On Russia's Prosecution of Missionary Activity

Forum 18 reported this week:

At least 159 prosecutions of individuals and communities for violating Russia's "anti-missionary" restrictions under Administrative Code Article 5.26, Parts 3, 4 and 5 are known to have reached court in the calendar year 2018.

This marks a decrease in the overall number of such prosecutions compared with the first year of the legislation's implementation (2016-17), which appears to be primarily explained by the sharp drop in the number of cases against Jehovah's Witnesses, whose activities were outlawed as "extremist" by Russia's Supreme Court in 2017.

Forum 18 found 159 cases against 56 organisations and 103 individuals which reached court in 2018. Of these, 132 resulted in conviction, with 129 fines being imposed. 2018 saw a conviction rate of 90 per cent, compared with 82 per cent in 2016-17.

Here is a detailed list of the prosecutions.

Russian Court Sentences Jehovah's Witness To 6 Years In Prison

Forum 18 reports that after 74 hearings over the past year, a Russian trial court in the city of Oryol yesterday sentenced Jehovah's Witness adherent Dennis Christensen to six years in prison under Russia's law banning extremist organizations. The court convicted Christensen of "organizing the activities of a banned extremist organisation" (Criminal Code Article 282.2, Part 1).  An appeal is planned. Christensen becomes the first Jehovah's Witness sentenced to prison in post-Soviet Russia.  Over 100 other criminal cases against Jehovah's Witnesses are pending.  In 2017, Russia's Supreme Court banned all Jehovah's Witness activity and ordered their property seized by the state. (See prior posting.)  Christensen will be entitled to credit for time already served in jail, and so will likely serve no more than 3 years and 5 months in prison. [Thanks to Scott Mange for the lead.]

Split of Ukrainian Orthodox Church From Moscow Looms

The New York Times reported yesterday that in a move having significant political as well as religious significance, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church is about to formalize its separation from the Moscow-based Orthodox Patriarchate:

Intensifying a millennium-old religious struggle freighted with 21st-century geopolitical baggage, Ukraine’s security services have in recent weeks interrogated priests loyal to Moscow, searched church properties and enraged their Russian rivals....

The new Ukrainian church is expected to be granted legitimacy on Jan. 6, the eve of the Orthodox Christmas, when its newly elected head, Metropolitan Epiphanius, travels to Istanbul to receive an official charter from the Constantinople patriarchate, a longtime rival power center to Moscow.

Lawsuit Filed In Turkey Over Attempt To Give Independence To Ukrainian Orthodox Church

As reported yesterday by UrduPoint, in Turkey, the Patriarchate of Constantinople has taken steps to grant independent status to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, purporting to remove it from the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate, and to remove the anathema from the leaders of two other separatist Orthodox churches in Ukraine.  The Kiev archdiocese was transferred to the Moscow Patriarchate in 1686.  In response, the Turkish Orthodox Church has filed a lawsuit contending that under the Lausanne Peace Treaty of 1923, the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople is limited to religious services of the Greeks living in Turkey.  According to a follow-up article in UrduPoint, the Russian Orthodox Church charges that the move by Constantinople was engineered by the United States and other Western countries to create tension between Kiev and Moscow. In response to Constinople's action, the Russian Orthodox Church has cancelled its Eucharistic communion with the Constantinople Patriarchate.

Russian Law Enforcement Targets Jehovah's Witnesses

According to a Forum 18 report yesterday, in Russia since January of this year law enforcement agencies have been raiding the homes of Jehovah's Witnesses, charging many with violating the country's ban on extremist organizations. So far some 69 individuals are under investigation or on trial. Most of the cases follow on the 2017 ban on all activities of the Jehovah's Witness Administrative Center and its local affiliates.

Russian Court Allows Seizure of Jehovah's Witness Property

Newsweek reports that a city court in St. Petersburg, Russia yesterday upheld a Sestroretskiy District Court's ruling allowing the Russian government to seize a $31.8 million Jehovah's Witness real estate complex.  The seizure comes a year after Jehovah's Witnesses were declared an extremist organization by Russia's Supreme Court. (See prior posting.)  In yesterday's ruling, the St. Petersburg court rejected the argument that the group's administrative buildings are owned by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society based in the United States.

Russian Court Labels Novel By German Rabbi As "Extremist" Literature

According to JTA, on Monday a Russian court in the city of Sochi classified as "extremist" literature a novel written by a prominent 19th century German rabbi, Marcus Lehmann.  The novel set in Medieval Europe and titled Forcibly Baptized traces the protagonist's determination to maintain his Jewish faith in the face of outside pressures to renounce it.  The Sochi court's decision added the book to the federal list of banned extremist materials compiled by Russia's Ministry of Justice.  Rabbi Boruch Gorin, a prominent aide to Russia's Chief Rabbi strongly denounced the action of the court, saying that it is attempting to limit the growth of Jewish spiritual life.

Russian Supreme Court Judge Bans Jehovah's Witness Organizations As Extremist Groups

According to Forum 18, in Russia yesterday, after six days of hearings Supreme Court Judge Yury Ivanenko declared the Jehovah's Witness national headquarters in St. Petersburg and all 395 of its local organizations to be "extremist" organizations.  The judgment bans all their activity and orders their property seized by the state. According to Tass, the full text of the judge's decision will be furnished to the parties within five days.  Jehovah's Witnesses now have 30 days to appeal the decision to a 3-judge appellate panel of the Supreme Court.  If that panel affirms the decision, Jehovah's Witnesses plan to appeal to the European Court of Human Rights. If the judgement is ultimately upheld, it will be illegal for Jehovah's Witnesses to engage in any kind of missionary activity in Russia.

UN Experts Urge Russia to Drop Extremism Suit Against Jehovah's Witnesses

Yesterday, in anticipation of today's hearing before Russia's Supreme Court, the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights issued a press release urging the Russian Federation to drop a suit brought under Russia's anti-extremism legislation against all Jehovah's Witnesses congregations. According to the press release, which quotes three UN human rights experts:

"This lawsuit is a threat not only to Jehovah’s Witnesses, but to individual freedom in general in the Russian Federation...."

"The use of counter-extremism legislation in this way to confine freedom of opinion, including religious belief, expression and association to that which is state-approved is unlawful and dangerous, and signals a dark future for all religious freedom in Russia...."　

The condemnation follows a lawsuit lodged at the country’s Supreme Court on 15 March to declare the Jehovah’s Witnesses Administrative Centre ‘extremist’, to liquidate it, and to ban its activity. 　

A suspension order came into effect on that date, preventing the Administrative Centre and all its local religious centres from using state and municipal news media, and from organizing and conducting assemblies, rallies and other public events.

Russian Officials Forcing Sochi's Rabbi To Leave The Country

Interfax reports that Rabbi Ari Leib Edelkopf who has led the Jewish community in the Russian city of Sochi is being forced to leave Russia.  Edelkopf, a U.S. citizen since 1978, obtained a Russian temporary resident permit in 2015. The next year he applied for Russian citizenship.  In December of 2016 the Krasnodar Territory police carried out a background check in processing the application and received information, still undisclosed publicly or to Edelkopf, that led police to cancel his temporary resident permit on the ground of "his actions creating a threat to Russia's security." The Sochi's Central District Court upheld the decision, as did the appellate collegium of the Krasnodar Territory Court. At the 18-minute appellate hearing, officials refused to disclose the basis for the action against Edelkopf, claiming it is a state secret.

Russians Divided Over Return of Famous Cathedral To The Church

AP reports that in St. Petersburg, Russia, competing demonstrations were staged yesterday over the city's decision, announced last month, to return St. Isaac's Cathedral to the Russian Orthodox Church. The Cathedral was seized after Soviets took control in 1917, and was turned into a museum.  It has become one of the city's top tourist attractions. Opponents of the return are concerned that Church tours will begin to focus too much on the Cathedral's religious aspects at the expense of its architectural and cultural importance.

Conviction of Baptist Missionary In Russia Upheld On Appeal

As reported by Baptist Press, on Sept. 30 in Oryol, Russia, a city 220 miles southwest of Moscow, an appellate court upheld the conviction of Baptist missionary Donald Ossewaarde who was fined the equivalent of $642 (US) for violating Russia's anti-terrorism law amendments (full text in Russian) adopted earlier this year.  Among other things, the law limits who can operate as a foreign missionary and restricts locations where they can pray or proselytize. (See prior posting.) Ossewaarde, who held religious services in his home without notifying authorities, argued that technically his activities were not banned because he did not represent any officially registered religious organization.

Russian Supreme Court Bans Aum Shinrikyo As Terrorist Organization

According to Interfax and Russia Beyond the Headlines, the Russian Supreme Court yesterday agreed with the Prosecutor General's Office and the Federal Security Service that Aum Shinrikyo is a terrorist organization. The decision to ban the organization's activities in Russia was made after an in camera hearing by the Court.  Wikipedia describes Aum Shinrikyo as a Japanese doomsday cult best known for its 1995 Sarin attack on the Tokyo subway system. Aum Shinrikyo combines elements of Eastern religions and Christianity, but is generally seen as an offshoot of Japanese Buddhism.

NYT: Russia Uses Orthodox Church To Extend Its Political Influence

The New York Times, in a front-page story posted online yesterday, explores how Russia is using the Russian Orthodox Church to extend the country's political influence.  Here is an excerpt:

While tanks and artillery have been Russia’s weapons of choice to project its power into neighboring Ukraine and Georgia, Mr. Putin has also mobilized faith to expand the country’s reach and influence. A fervent foe of homosexuality and any attempt to put individual rights above those of family, community or nation, the Russian Orthodox Church helps project Russia as the natural ally of all those who pine for a more secure, illiberal world free from the tradition-crushing rush of globalization, multiculturalism and women’s and gay rights.

Thanks to a close alliance between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Kremlin, religion has proved a particularly powerful tool in former Soviet lands like Moldova, where senior priests loyal to the Moscow church hierarchy have campaigned tirelessly to block their country’s integration with the West. Priests in Montenegro, meanwhile have spearheaded efforts to derail their country’s plans to join NATO.

But faith has also helped Mr. Putin amplify Russia’s voice farther west, with the church leading a push into resolutely secular members of the European Union like France.

So Far, 6 Charged Under Russia's New Law Limiting Missionary Activities

As previously reported, in July Russia's President signed into law new anti-terrorism legislation that, among other things, banned preaching, praying, proselytizing, and disseminating religious materials outside of officially-designated locations.  Last week, Forum 18 reported that so far six people have been charged under the new limits on missionary activity. Two Baptists, and a third person merely identified as Protestant, have had fines imposed on them.  A Hare Krishna adherent was acquitted.  Charges against two others-- a Pentecostal and a Seventh Day Adventist-- are still pending.  The Forum 18 posting has extensive details on each case.

Russian President Signs Anti-Terrorism Law That Restricts Religious Proselytizing

According to reports from USCIRF, Russia Religion News, and Forum18, last week Russian President Vladimir Putin signed into law a package of anti-terrorism measures that were passed by the Russian State Duma in late June. The measures, part of which place extensive new restrictions on religious missionary activity, take effect on July 20. As explained by USCIRF:

The anti-terrorism measures would, among other provisions, amend the 1997 Russian religion law by redefining "missionary activities" as religious practices that take place outside of state-sanctioned sites. The new law thus would ban preaching, praying, proselytizing, and disseminating religious materials outside of these officially-designated sites, and authorize fines of up to $15,000 for these activities conducted in private residences or distributed through mass print, broadcast or online media.  Foreign missionaries also must prove they were invited by state-registered religious groups and must operate only in regions where their sponsoring organizations are registered; those found in violation face deportation and major fines.

According to Forum18:

Another part of the package of laws sharply increases Criminal Code Article 282.2 punishments for those convicted of allegedly "extremist" activity, who are often Jehovah's Witnesses and Muslims who study the works of theologian Said Nursi. These punishments were last increased in February 2014.

[Thanks to Scott Mange for the lead.] 

First Ever Meeting of Heads of Catholic, Russian Orthodox Churches Scheduled In Cuba For Next Week

In a joint press release today, the Vatican and the Patriarchate of Moscow announced that Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill will meet on Feb. 12 in Cuba at the Havana airport.  The historic meeting, which will culminate in the signing of a joint declaration, is the first meeting ever between a Pope and the head of the Russian Orthodox church. AP reports on the religious and well as political implications of the historic meeting.

U.S. Opposes Chabad Subpoenas Seeking To Enforce Court Sanctions Against Russia

As previously reported, in a long-running lawsuit by a Chabad group in the United States to recover two expropriated collections of religious books from the Russian government, a D.C. federal district court last year imposed $43.7 million in sanctions on various Russian government entities that have refused to comply with the court's order after a default judgment. Chabad is attempting to enforce the sanctions by locating Russian assets in the United States. It has subpoenaed five major financial institutions seeking information on accounts of the Russian government, and of individuals such as Russian President Vladimir Putin.  National Law Journal reported yesterday that the Justice Department this week filed a Statement of Interest of the United States (full text) in the case contending that Chabad's subpoenas:

are contrary to the goal of resolving this dispute and will harm not only further diplomatic efforts to do so but also the foreign policy interests of the United States.

The government argued that any Russian assets in the subpoenaed banks are immune from attachment anyway.  And it emphasized:

The United States has invested significant resources in diplomatic efforts over many years to resolve this dispute, and it continues to believe that out-of-court dialogue with Russia, rather than litigation, presents the best opportunity for ultimate resolution.