Memorial Cross At Camp Pendleton Raises Objections

The Los Angeles Times last Monday reported on the latest controversy over religious symbols on public property-- this time a 13-foot cross erected by Marines at Camp Pendleton. The cross was put up on Veterans Day to honor four marines killed in combat in Iraq, as well as a more general memorial. Three of the four Marines were part of a group that had erected a cross on the same location in 2003 before deploying to Iraq. That earlier cross was destroyed in a brush fire in 2007.  The Military Association of Atheists and Freethinkers has protested the cross. The American Center for Law and Justice has sent a letter to the Marines defending the constitutionality of the cross as a historical and universal symbol of remembrance.  The Marine corps says that it is reviewing the issue, and that the cross was erected by private individuals acting solely in their personal capacities. [Thanks to Scott Mange for the lead.]

7 Amish Charged With Federal Hate Crimes In Forced Beard Cuttings

The Cleveland Plain Dealer reports that authorities yesterday arrested Samuel Mullet, Sr., the Bishop of a break-away Amish group, known as the Bergholz clan, as well as three of his sons and three other followers, on charges of forcibly cutting the beards of 4 Amish men who were members of a different Amish community.  The FBI Affidavit in support of a criminal complaint (full text) says that Mullet controlled all aspects of his followers lives, forced extreme punishments on them and cleansed married women in the clan of the devil by sexual intimacy with them. After 8 families moved away from the Bergholz community in 2005 because of religious disagreements, Mullet excommunicated them. However a special committee of bishops from other communities determined that Mullet's excommunications were invalid. The 4 victims of the beard cuttings were involved with the bishop's committee, or aided break-away families, or, in one case, was one of the excommunicated members (and the father of one of those charged in the case). (See prior related posting.)

The Affidavit seeks a criminal complaint charging the 7 defendants with conspiracy to violate the federal Hate Crimes Prevention Act (18 USC Sec. 249). The federal Hate Crimes statute permits federal prosecution only if the crime involves one or more specified links to interstate commerce. One of those links is that the defendant employed a dangerous weapon that has traveled in interstate commerce. The FBI affidavit states that the attacks were carried out with "hair clippers and 8" scissors manufactured in the state of New York."

President Issues Thanksgiving Proclamation

Last week, President Obama issued a Presidential Proclamation (full text) declaring today a National Holiday of Thanksgiving. The Proclamation says in part:

When President George Washington proclaimed our country's first Thanksgiving, he praised a generous and knowing God for shepherding our young Republic through its uncertain beginnings..... In times of adversity and times of plenty, we have lifted our hearts by giving humble thanks for the blessings we have received and for those who bring meaning to our lives.  Today, let us offer gratitude to our men and women in uniform for their many sacrifices, and keep in our thoughts the families who save an empty seat at the table for a loved one stationed in harm's way.  And as members of our American family make do with less, let us rededicate ourselves to our friends and fellow citizens in need of a helping hand.

Trial Court Upholds Most of Canada's Anti-Polygamy Law

In Canada, the Supreme Court of British Columbia (the province's superior trial court) today upheld most of Canada's anti-polygamy law (Sec. 293 of Criminal Code of Canada) against challenges to it brought under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The suit was brought as a reference case by the province's attorney general after unsuccessful attempts to prosecute leaders of two FLDS factions. (See prior posting.)

In today's decision, Reference re: Section 293 of the Criminal Code of Canada, (B.C. Sup. Ct., Nov. 23, 2011), Chief Justice Bauman concluded that Section 293, while generally valid, is overbroad with respect to its application to children between the ages of 12 and 17. To this extent, it violates Sec. 7 of the Charter which provides: "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice."

The court also found that the statute violates the religious liberty of fundamentalist Mormons, some Muslims and Wiccans-- as protected by Sec. 2 of the Charter-- but that this infringement is justified by Sec. 1 of the Charter that allows "reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society." The court rejected arguments that the anti-polygamy law violates various other provisions of the Charter, such as protections of expression and assurances of equal protection. The opinion-- which runs 1367 numbered paragraphs in length-- includes an extensive survey of the history of polygamy and the alleged harms caused by the practice.

CBC News reports on the decision.

UPDATE: The National Post on Wednesday quotes a lawyer for the FLDS community as saying that Chief Justice Bauman's decision suggests a route for circumventing the polygamy statute. The decision finds that the statute only covers relationships entered into with some sanctioning event, and not mere common law marriage.

Archdiocese To Ask Bankruptcy Court For Approval of Therapy Fund

As previously reported, the Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee (WI) filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization last January. This week the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel reported that the Archdiocese will ask the bankruptcy court for permission to create a $300,000 fund to be used for counseling and therapy for sex-abuse victims whose claims are disallowed because the statute of limitations has run, because the abuser was not employed by the diocese or the victim has already reached a settlement with the Archdiocese (Archbishop's letter announcing the plan.) Jim Stang, the attorney for the creditors committee, says he fears this is a prelude to the Archdiocese beginning to file objections to claims.  One of the contested issues is whether the Archdiocese is responsible for claims involving priests who belong to religious orders, but needed the Archbishop's approval to operate in the Archdiocese.

Court Upholds Denial of Use Permit To Virginia Church

In Calvary Christian Center v. City of Fredericksburg, Virginia, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 134290 (ED VA, Nov. 21, 2011), a Virginia federal district court upheld the city of Fredericksburg's denial of a special use permit to Calvary Christian Center that wanted to lease space in its church to the operator of a private day school for disabled children. Rejecting plaintiff's free exercise and RLUIPA claims, the court said that "Calvary has not pled any facts demonstrating that the operation of the day school by a third party is a religious exercise." The court also rejected plaintiff's free speech claims, as well as its overbreadth and vagueness assertions. The Fredericsburg Free Lance-Star reports on the decision.

Roy Moore To Run Again For Alabama Chief Justice

Sunshine State News today reports that former Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Roy Moore yesterday announced that he would enter the March Republican primary to run again for the Alabama chief justice position. At least two other Republicans are also seeking the position. Moore became well know because of his unsuccessful battle, beginning in 2001, to keep a large Ten Commandments monument in the lobby of the Alabama State Judicial Building. Moore's announcement ends speculation that he would run for the Presidency next year. Moore says he will continue to defend religion in the public square, but will not bring back the Ten Commandment monument, which now is housed at a church in Gasden, Alabama. (See prior posting.)

Maldives Government Shuts Down Sufi Blog

According to Reporters Without Borders, last Saturday the Communications Authority of the Maldives, on the orders of the Islamic affairs ministry, shut down the blog of Ismail Khilath “Hilath” Rasheed because it contained anti-Islamic material. Rasheed is a Sufi, while most Maldivians are Sunni Muslims. Rasheed plans to go to court-- only a court order can permit him to reopen his blog.  Rasheed says this is the beginning of a crackdown by conservatives in control of the Islamic affairs ministry.

Suit Seeks Right To Preach At "Tour of Lights" Event

Yesterday's Duluth (MN) News Tribune and the Minneapolis Star Tribune, report that two locally well-known street preachers have filed suit in federal district court to obtain the right to preach at the Bentleyville Tour of Lights held in Duluth's Bayfront Festival Park. The event attracts 150,000 people annually, and the city furnishes trash and snow removal, lights and similar services. Plaintiffs say they have a religious obligation to preach in public, including carrying signs and wearing messages on their clothes. One of the men, along with a second preacher, was ordered out of the display last year when they insisted on preaching to those attending.  Deputy City Attorney Alison Lutterman says that Bentleyville, a private organization, "has a contact with the city that allows it exclusive rights to the use of the Bayfront area for its presentation of a holiday lighting display.... These exclusive rights include the right to exclude persons. Bentleyville is not an area intended for the exercise of 1st Amendment activity. The management of Bentleyville have been advised of its right to exclude persons from the area within its contractual exclusive use." In the lawsuit, Steve Jankowski and Peter Scott ask the court to enjoin Duluth police officials from ejecting them from the event.

Court Orders Father To End Mormon Education of Children Without Mother's Consent

In In re the Marriage of John and Angela Bell, (CA App., Nov. 18, 2011), a California appellate court upheld a trial court's order in a marriage dissolution case preventing the father from continuing taking the couple's young children to Mormon religious services and Sunday School without the mother's consent.  The order would expire when the children reached 12 years of age.  The mother was Jewish, and during the marriage the children had been raised in the Jewish religion. An expert who conducted a child custody investigation concluded that the children were confused because they thought their father had become Jewish, that involving the children in Mormon education was being used as a weapon by the father to intimidate his former spouse, and that continuing it would cause psychological harm to the children.

Georgia High Court Favors Parent Church In Two Property Cases

In Rector, Wardens and Vestrymen of Christ Church in Savannah v. Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Georgia, Inc., (GA Sup. Ct., Nov. 21, 2011), the Georgia Supreme Court in  a 6-1 decisions held that "neutral principles of law show that the property of Christ Church at issue is held in trust for the benefit of the Episcopal Church." In 2007, Christ Church broke away from the Episcopal Church and affiliated with the more conservative Anglican Province of Uganda. The break came after the Episcopal Church voted to ordain an openly gay man as Bishop of New Hampshire. Judge Brown dissented.  Episcopal News Service reports on the decision.

In a 4-3 decision in Presbytery of Greater Atlanta, Inc. v. Timberridge Presbyterian Church, Inc., (GA Sup. Ct., Nov. 21, 2011), the Georgia Supreme Court held that under the "neutral principles of law" doctrine, the property of the break-away Timberridge Presbyterian Church was held in trust for the national church, the PCUSA. Justice Nahmias, writing for the majority, said:

in its own charter TPC Inc. proclaimed its allegiance to the PCUSA Book of Order, which included a provision explicitly stating that local church property is held in trust for the use and benefit of the PCUSA, and at no time during the more than two decades before this dispute erupted and the eight years after it was deeded the property at issue did TPC Inc. even seek to amend its Articles to demonstrate any different intent.

Two separate dissenting opinions were also filed.

House Holds Hearing On International Religious Freedom Report

On Nov. 17, the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, and Human Rights, held a hearing on the State Department's 2011 International Religious Freedom Report. (See prior posting.) The subcommittee has posted the full text of testimony by Leonard Leo, Chairman of USCIRF; Bishop Ricardo Ramirez, representing the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops; Benedict Rogers, representing Christian Solidarity Worldwide; Rev. Majed El Shafie, president of One Free World International; and R. Drew Smith, scholar-in-residence at Morehouse College. While the witnesses focused on religious freedom issues in specific countries, they also dealt with various organizational and structural issues. Leonard Leo, for example, urged passage of the USCIRF reauthorization bill, discussed the reporting cycle used by the State Department, welcomed the announcement of Countries of Particular Concern at the same time that the International Religious Freedom Report is issued, urged upgrading of the role of the Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom and sought more training for Foreign Service Officers on promoting religious freedom.

New Report On Religious Advocacy Groups In D.C.

Yesterday, the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life released a new report titled Lobbying for the Faithful:   Religious Advocacy Groups in Washington D.C. Here is an excerpt from the Executive Summary:

The number of organizations engaged in religious lobbying or religion-related advocacy in Washington, D.C., has increased roughly fivefold in the past four decades, from fewer than 40 in 1970 to more than 200 today. These groups collectively employ at least 1,000 people in the greater Washington area and spend at least $390 million a year on efforts to influence national public policy. As a whole, religious advocacy organizations work on about 300 policy issues. For most of the past century, religious advocacy groups in Washington focused mainly on domestic affairs. Today, however, roughly as many groups work only on international issues as work only on domestic issues, and nearly two-thirds of the groups work on both.... 

The study finds that about one-in-five religious advocacy organizations in Washington have a Roman Catholic perspective (19%) and a similar proportion are evangelical Protestant in outlook (18%), while 12% are Jewish and 8% are mainline Protestant. But many smaller U.S. religious groups, including Baha’is, Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs, also have established advocacy organizations in the Washington area. In fact, the number of Muslim groups (17) is about the same as the number of mainline Protestant groups (16). And the largest category today is interreligious: One-quarter of the groups studied (54) either represent multiple faiths or advocate on religious issues without representing a specific religion....

 Efforts by religious groups to influence U.S. public policy are a multimillion-dollar endeavor, with combined annual expenditures conservatively estimated at more than $390 million.

British Scouting Organization Considering Religion Neutral "Promise"

Britain's Guide Association-- a half-million member organization similar to the Girl Scouts-- is considering amending its "Promise" to eliminate religious references (or creating a separate non-religious alternative) after two families objected to the  current version that reads: "I promise that I will do my best, to love my God, to serve the Queen and my country, to help other people and to keep the Guide Law." Yesterday's London Telegraph reports that Guides who do not take the Promise are not eligible for some of the group's highest awards, such as the Baden-Powell Challenge Award and the Chief Guide's Challenge. The Guides in France and Netherlands have a version of the Promise that omits references to God. Britain's National Secular Society says that Britain's version discriminates against atheists.

Recent Articles of Interest

From SSRN:

• Elda De Waal, Raj Mestry and Charles J. Russo, Religious and Cultural Dress at School: A Comparative Perspective, (Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal, Vol. 14, No. 6, 2011).
• Daniel Martin and Jessica Margolin, Uniform Guidelines, Spirituality, and Predictors of Ethical Workplace Behaviors, (Journal of Law, Business and Ethics, Forthcoming).
• C. Scott Pryor, Looking for Bedrock: Accounting for Human Rights in Classical Liberalism, Modern Secularism, and the Christian Tradition, (Campbell Law Review, Vol. 33, p. 609, 2010-2011).
• C. Scott Pryor, Natural Law and the Two Kingdoms: A Study in the Development of Reformed Social Thought by David Vandrunen, (January 26, 2011).
• Sigrid Hemels, Effectiveness of the Current VAT Treatment of Charities: Are the Objects of the VAT Exemptions in the Public Interest Being Achieved and If Not, How Can This Be Improved within the Restrictions Imposed by EU Legislation?, (International VAT Monitor, No. 5, 2011).
• Sigrid Hemels, What If Gulbenkian Had Been Persche: Taxing Charitable Giving in Europe, (Revista de finanças públicas e direito fiscal, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 137-155, 2011).
• Lynnn D. Wardle, Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Laws, (Journal of Law & Family Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 315, 2010).
• John B. Davis, Pluralism and Anti-Pluralism in Economics: Homo Economicus and Religious Fundamentalism, (November 15, 2011).

From SmartCILP:

• Carl Anderson, Law and Culture: Christianity on Trial, [Abstract], 9 Ave Maria Law Review 207-220 (2011).
• Caitlin Stapleton, The Legal Legacy of Pope Gregory I: In Life and Letters, [Abstract], 9 Ave Maria Law Review 303-333 (2011).
• Symposium. Confronting Islam: Shari'ah, the Constitution, and American Muslims. Panel participation by Peter Danchin and Barbara Olshansky, moderators; Nathan Brown, Faisal Kutty and Sahar Aziz, panelists; keynote address by Imam Suhaib Webb. 11 University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender & Class 59-96 (2011). 

Report Traces Path of Herman Cain's Religious Faith

CNN yesterday posted a lengthy report on Republican Presidential hopeful Herman Cain's religious faith and his active involvement as an associate minister in Atlanta's Antioch Baptist Church-- a congregation Cain's parents joined when Cain was 10 years old.  CNN reports:

Cain’s religiosity runs deep enough that he regularly delivers sermons at his childhood church, has recorded a gospel music album and has a traveling minister as part of his campaign apparatus.... For all his church involvement, Cain’s message of self-determinism is seemingly at odds with Antioch’s focus on social justice....

Since becoming an associate minister at Antioch, Cain has preached in pulpits around the country, often eschewing the big paydays of motivational speaking gigs for modest preaching honorariums.

Cain has written that his decision to run for the U.S. Senate in 2002 as well as his current run for the Presidency was inspired by God.  In 2006 Cain had successful surgery for colon cancer. CNN recounts:

And when it was time for surgery, the doctors explained they would be making a J-shaped incision. “Like J-E-S-U-S?” Cain asked the doctor. The candidate would go on to call the incision a “Jesus cut.”...

By January 2007, Cain was cancer-free. The road signs began to change. He returned to the radio airwaves and began sowing the seeds of a run for president..... Herman Cain did not want to run for president. He did not want to be president. But God told him to.....

“When I finally realized that this was God saying what I needed to do, I was like Moses. ‘You got the wrong man, Lord! Are you sure?’ Now, you're not supposed to doubt God. But I'm going, ‘I think maybe you're looking at somebody else.’”

Recent Prisoner Free Exercise Cases

In Shepherd v. Goord, (2d Cir., Nov. 15, 2011), the 2nd Circuit held that 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(d)(2) which caps any attorney fee award in prisoner cases at 150% of of damages applies to prisoner cases in which only nominal damages are awarded. In the case, a jury awarded $1 in damages to an inmate whose Rastafarian religious beliefs were violated by correction officials touching his dreadlocks during a search. Attorneys fees payable by defendants were thus limited to $1.50.

In Cobb v. Mendoza-Powers, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 131017 (ED CA, Nov. 14, 2011), a California federal magistrate judge rejected an inmate's claim that his rights under the 1st Amendment and RLUIPA were violated when he was required to shave his head against his religious beliefs.

In Thompson v. Hoops, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 131130 (CD CA, Nov. 9, 2011), a California federal magistrate judge permitted a pre-trial detainee to move ahead with his claim that his free exercise rights were infringed when prison authorities refused to give him access to ceremonial oils, an Assemblies of Yahweh religious text and chaplain, and refused to allow him to participate in his religion's holy days and feasts.

In Brown v. Alden, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 131343 (ED WA, Nov. 14, 2011), a Washington federal district court adopted a magistrate's recommendations (2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 131347, Oct. 13, 2011), and permitted an inmate who self-identified as Jewish to move ahead with his complaint that he was denied access to Jewish chapel on Fridays for group worship, candle lighting, and access to Jewish materials.

In Hawkins v. Hollingsworth, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 131582 (SD IL, Nov. 15, 2011), an Illinois federal district court refused to dismiss claims by an inmate that his free exercise rights were violated when he was denied the right to assemble, time for prayer and study, the right to watch videos, and a religious diet. Plaintiff was also permitted to move ahead on his complaint that his House of Yaweh group was not given its own separate worship time, but, instead, was placed with another religious group.

In Mootry v. Flores, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 132266 (ED CA, Nov. 16, 2011), a California federal magistrate judge recommended dismissal on various grounds of a Muslim inmate's complaint that his rights under the 1st Amendment and RLUIPA were being violated by prison rules that required a chaplain or outside volunteer before group religious services could be held. The lack of volunteers and delays in hiring a Muslim chaplain led to an absence of Friday Jum'ah services for over a year.

Bankruptcy Court Approves Sale of Robert Schuller's Crystal Cathedral To Catholic Diocese

In Santa Anna, California on Thursday, a bankruptcy judge approved the sale of Crystal Cathedral-- the modernistic home of televangelist Rev. Robert Schuller's ministry-- to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange.  Crystal Cathedral Ministries filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy last October.  The Los Angeles Times reports that Chapman University had also been bidding for the Cathedral, and even upped its bid to $59 million, topping the $57.5 million sale to the Catholic Church approved by the court.  The Crystal Cathedral board and Schuller himself both strongly favored the sale to the Catholic diocese because it will consecrate the Cathedral as a Catholic Church. Chapman University wanted the site as a satellite campus and might some day have used the Cathedral for non-religious purposes. The diocese will allow Cathedral Ministries to lease back core buildings for three year. Chapman University had been willing to allow the church to stay on most of the property for as long as 20 years.

Suit On Wearing Kufi In Courthouse Is Not Frivolous

In Al-Qadir v. Wackenhut Corp., 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 131470 (MD TN, Nov. 15, 2011), a Tennessee federal magistrate judge ruled that a free exercise complaint filed by a plaintiff proceeding in forma pauperis is not frivolous. Under 28 USC 1915(e), the complaint would be dismissed if it was frivolous. At issue are allegations that Juvenile Court officials told plaintiff that he could not wear his kufi inside the court building. The court held: "While it appears that the situation underlying Plaintiff's Complaint has been resolved for the future, Plaintiff still has an arguable claim for nominal damages for the incident that occurred on April 11, 2011."

Utah Highway Patrol Memorial Crosses Modified In Hopes of Saving Them

Now that the U.S. Supreme Court has refused to review the 10th Circuit's decision in Utah Highway Patrol Association v. American Atheists (see prior posting), proponents of the memorial crosses involved in the case have made changes hoping to overcome the Establishment Clause problems found by the 10th Circuit.  At issue are roadside crosses memorializing individual Highway Patrol members who were killed in the line of duty. 11  of the 14 crosses are on state property. AP reported Friday that the logo of the Utah Highway Patrol Association has now been removed from the crosses, and a disclaimer (large enough to be read by passing cars) has been added to each cross stating that it is not meant to be a state endorsement of religion. However it is unclear that this will be enough to change the court's ruling since no other organizations are permitted to place signs or memorials along highways for safety reasons.