Israeli Officials Express Frustration Over Strict Conversion Rules

In Israel, the strict rules for conversion to Judaism imposed by the Chief Rabbinate continue to rankle government officials who want to find a way to help some 300,000 Russian immigrants who are not technically Jewish under religious law. Many of them wish to convert, but do not want to commit to a strict Orthodox Jewish religious lifestyle which is imposed as a condition of conversion by rabbis who control the government's conversion courts. Yesterday's Jerusalem Post reports that in a speech to the Board of Governors of the Jewish Agency for Israel, outgoing Cabinet Secretary Oved Yehezkel warned of the political problem posed by the situation. He said: "If the haredim [ultra-orthodox] don't begin to show flexibility, the moderate Orthodox establishment in Israel will begin to independently convert many thousands of Jews. In the end, the State of Israel will be forced to recognize these conversions regardless of the desires of the Chief Rabbinate or the official Conversion Authority."

Earlier this week, according to JTA, the Jewish Agency Assembly adopted resolutions calling for Israel to create an independent authority on Jewish conversions and special courts of Jewish law that would apply more "moderate and tolerant" halachic legal standards to facilitate conversions. (Full text of Jewish Agency resolutions.)

Tzipi Livni, the Kadima party candidate for prime minister in the upcoming Israeli elections, took an even more iconoclastic view in a speech to Americans and Canadians in Jerusalem attending the General Assembly of the United Jewish Communities. The Jerusalem Post quotes her remarks: "A Jewish state is not a monopoly of rabbis. It's what each and everyone feels inside. It's not about learning Hebrew or about joining the army, it's about Jewish tradition, Jewish history."

UPDATE: Here is the full text of Foreign Minister Livni's speech from the Ministry of Foreign Affair's website. The relevant quote is slightly different in this version.

Magistrate Says Subpoena for Megachurch Records Was Improperly Issued

Today's Minneapolis Star Tribune reports that a federal magistrate judge in Minneapolis has recommended that the court refuse to enforce an IRS subpoena for financial documents issued to Living Word Christian Center. The church argued that the subpoena for financial records was not approved by "an appropriate high-level Treasury official" as required by Internal Revenue Code Section 7611. IRS sought information about loans, lease of an aircraft and compensation paid by the Brooklyn Park (MN) megachurch to its pastor, Mac Hammond. (See prior posting.) The magistrate judge agreed with the church that authorization by the Director of Exempt Organization Examinations did not meet the Internal Revenue Code's standard. In United States v. Living Word Christian Center, (D MN, Nov. 18, 2008), the magistrate judge suggested that after a 1998 IRS reorganization, the authority to "halt over-zealous examination of churches" should have been given to the Commissioner of Tax Exempt and Government Entities.

AG Choice Eric Holder Has Little Record On Church-State or Religious Freedom Issues

Barack Obama's reported choice for Attorney General, Eric Holder, appears to have little record on church-state or religious freedom issues. The one aspect of his past record that arguably relates to these issues is his support for strong hate crimes enforcement and legislation. His biography on the Lawyers for One America website says that as United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, he "supported a renewed enforcement emphasis on hate crimes so that criminal acts of intolerance would be severely punished." As Deputy Attorney General in the Justice Department in 1999 he presented testimony (full text) strongly supporting the Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1999. The Act however did not pass Congress. Holder's record gives little hint of whether or not he would continue the Justice Department's "First Freedom Project" launched in 2007 by then-Attorney General Alberto Gonzales. The project, operated in the Civil Rights Division, emphasizes enforcement in religious discrimination and religious liberty cases.

Objector Arrested For Disrupting Council's Moment of Silence With Loud Prayer

In Southport, Indiana, 70-year old Charles Lynch objects to Mayor Rob Thoman's practice of beginning City Council meetings with a moment of silence instead of a prayer as was the practice before Thoman's election. At Monday night Council's meeting, Lynch began reading a prayer out loud during the moment of silence. When he was asked to stop, he began to pray louder. He also refused to leave the meeting and resisted police trying to take him out, despite the mayor's warning at the beginning of the meeting against such conduct. Lynch was arrested and charged with disorderly conduct. Yesterday's Indy Star reports that Lynch is now threatening to sue for false arrest. He said: "I'm not promoting any church or any religion. All I want is the way it was. Why take away our rights as citizens to have a word of prayer, because we've always had it."

Suit Challenges Refusal To Issue Vanity Plates Refering To God

In Indiana, for an added fee the Bureau of Motor Vehicles issues personalized license plates bearing the driver's selected combination of letters and numbers. Indiana Code Ann. 9-18-15-4 permits the BMV to refuse an application of the requested lettering would be "offensive to good taste and decency." A state regulation interpreting this statute (140 Ind. Adm. Code 2-5-2) prohibits vanity plates that refer to race, religion, deity, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, or political party or affiliation" except for generally accepted references to race or ethnic heritage. Elizabeth Ferris applied for plates reading "BE GODS"-- which she explained was inspired by a Christian musician and meant "belonging to God." On Monday, Ferris filed suit in federal district court (full text of complaint) alleging that the refusal to issue her the requested plates violated the free speech, free exercise, equal protection and due process clauses of the U.S. Constitution. Alliance Defense fund issued a release announcing filing of the lawsuit. It pointed out that Ferris had been issued the plates for 9 years previously before this refusal, and that the state issues its own "In God We Trust" specialty plates. (See prior related posting.) Yesterday's Indy Star also reported on Ferris' lawsuit.

UPDATE: Wednesday's Indy Star reports that the Indiana BMV now says that it will allow Elizabeth Ferris to obtain her "BE GODS" license plate because she attempted to reserve the plates before the Nov. 6 effective date of new regulations that prohibit plates that refer to the deity. However BMV Commissioner Ron Stiver defended the new policy, saying that once it allows mention of God on plates, it will also be forced by prohibitions on viewpoint discrimination to issue offensive plates such as "GODLESS".

Algerian Appeals Court Upholds Conviction For Smoking During Ramadan

In Algeria, an appeals court yesterday upheld the convictions of three men for smoking cigarettes on the street during the Ramadan daylight fasting period this past September. However their sentences for offending religion were reduced from 3 month to 2 months in jail, and they are likely to be released this week. The court reversed the conviction of a fourth defendant who was smoking in private. AP reports that the men-- all of whom were construction workers-- were caught in an upscale Algiers neighborhood. Apparently they were charged under a 2001 law that punishes "denigrating the dogmas or precepts if Islam." Algerian secularists are concerned about growing government enforcement of religious rules.

Maryland County Residents Urge Council To Reject RLUIPA Settlement

In Bristol, Maryland, zoning officials denied Riverdale Baptist Church a permit to construct an expanded campus for its Arundel Bay Christian Academy. The Church in turn filed a RLULIPA lawsuit in federal district court charging discrimination. County attorneys negotiated a settlement under which the county would adopt legislation essentially permitting the project to proceed. Yesterday's Annapolis Capital reported that at Monday's South County Council meeting, some 50 residents urged Council to reject the proposed settlement and fight the lawsuit in court. They point to traffic, water runoff and urbanization concerns.

Newsweek Criticized For Article On Obama As the Antichrist

This week's issue of Newsweek carries an article titled Is Obama the Antichrist? The article reports on various signs pointed to by Christian millennialists leading them to the conclusion that the president-elect is the world leader who will usher in the great battle, the Rapture and the Second Coming. Among the portents is the fact that recently one of the winning lottery numbers in Illinois, Obama's home state, was 666 (the sign of the beast). The article reports that Liberty University's law school dean Mat Staver says he does not believe Obama is the Antichrist, but can see how others might believe it. A posting yesterday on Media Matters takes Newsweek to task for giving credibility in its article to the views of RaptureReady.com editor Todd Strandberg

Holder of Sharia Law Degree Becomes Egypt's First Woman Marriage Registrar

Al Jazeera yesterday published an interview with Amal Soliman, the first woman in Egypt to be appointed as a Mazouna, or female marriage registrar. Registrars conduct wedding ceremonies, recite verses from the Quran at the ceremony and sign the official certificates making the marriage legally binding. They also officiate at divorces. The the Committee of Egyptian Mazouns had challenged Soliman's application, saying that it is inappropriate for a woman to hold the position. However Soliman, who holds a post-graduate degree in Sharia law, eventually won out over ten male applicants for the position. Local family court judge Khaled el-Shalkamy accepted Soliman's application last February, but it took until late September for the Egyptian Minister of Justice to formally sign off on the appointment. Soliman conducted her first wedding ceremony on Oct. 25. On Nov. 14, United Arab Emirates followed suit by appointing its first woman as a Mazouna.

HHS Proposal on Religious Objectors Opposed by Some EEOC Members

Today's New York Times reports on the many comment letters that the Department of Health and Human Services has received on its proposed regulations designed to protect conscience rights of doctors and other health care providers participating in programs receiving HHS funding. The regulations apply to those who have moral or religious objections to providing certain medical procedures, including sterilization and abortion. (See prior posting.) Among the many individuals opposing the rule were three officials of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: its Republican legal counsel, Reed L. Russell, and two Democratic EEOC members, Stuart J. Ishimaru and Christine M. Griffin. They contend that the new rules are unnecessary in light of existing legal precedent. The Times quotes from the letter submitted by Ishimaru and Griffin which argues that the proposed rules would throw into question from 40 years of court decisions had carefully balanced "employees' rights to religious freedom and employers’ business needs." Here is a link to the public submissions on the rule that have been received by HHS.

Indiana's Sale of "In God We Trust" Plates Without Added Fee Is Upheld

In Studler v. Indiana Bureau of Motor Vehicles, (IN Ct. App., Nov. 17, 2008), an Indiana state appellate court rejected a challenge to Indiana's sale of "In God We Trust" license plates to motorists without charging the $15 administrative fee that is added to the cost of most other special plates. An Indiana driver who was assessed added fees for the state's "Environment" license plate argued that the differential treatment violated Art. I, Sec. 23 of the state's Constitution. That section provides: "The General Assembly shall not grant to any citizen, or class of citizens, privileges or immunities, which, upon the same terms, shall not equally belong to all citizens." The court rejected plaintiff's argument, holding that "the classification is reasonably related to the inherent characteristics of the license plates," and "the unequal burden is uniformly applicable to all similarly situated class members." Yesterday's Munster (IN) Times reports on the decision.

Religious Groups Ask California Supreme Court To Void Proposition 8

Yesterday the California Council of Churches along with a number of liberal Protestant and Jewish groups filed a "Petition for Writ of Mandate or Prohibition" (full text) with the California Supreme Court seeking to prevent enforcement of Proposition 8 that was approved by voters earlier this month. (Press release). The petition alleges that the state constitutional amendment barring same-sex marriage was adopted using improper procedures. California's constitution (Art. XVIII) has stricter requirements for constitutional "revisions" than it does for "amendments." Only amendments can be adopted through the initiative process-- the route used for Proposition 8. Revisions require a two-thirds vote of the legislature before being submitted to voters. The Petition filed with the Supreme Court reads in part:

The religious institutions that file this petition ... count on article XVIII to ensure that the California Constitution's guarantee of equal protection for religious minorities cannot be taken away without a deliberative process of the utmost care possible in a representative democracy. If Proposition 8 is upheld, however, the assurance will disappear-- for, just as surely as gay men and lesbians could be deprived of equal protection by a simple majority vote, so too could religious minorities be deprived of equal protection-- a terrible irony in a nation founded by people who emigrated to escape religious persecution.

Six separate legal challenges to Proposition 8 have been filed with the California Supreme Court. (San Jose Mercury News, Nov. 17). [Thanks to Don Clark for the lead.]

German Homeschoolers Seek Political Asylum In U.S.

In Germany, children are required to attend public school and home schooling is banned. Uwe and Hannelore Romeike who homeschool their children recently left Germany for the United States in order to avoid fines, jail and possible loss of custody of their children. HSLDA reported yesterday that a petition for political asylum has been filed by the Romeikes who refuse for religious reasons to send their children to Germany's secular public schools. The Romeike family currently lives in Tennessee where they are free to homeschool. Asylum is available where individuals in the U.S. have a well-founded fear of actual persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion if they return to their home country. Homeschool Legal Defense Association is supporting the unusual asylum application.

Town Sued Over Zoning Ban Preventing Church From Sheltering Homeless

According to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, the Pennsylvania ACLU filed a lawsuit in federal court yesterday on behalf of First Apostles Doctrine Church of Brookville, Pennsylvania. The church and its pastor, Rev. Jack L. Wisor, want to use the church as a homeless shelter, saying providing shelter to "guests" is part of its ministry. In August, Wisor was fined $500 for zoning violations stemming from his allowing three homeless men to live in the church's parsonage. (See prior posting.) The lawsuit alleges that the zoning enforcement violates the 1st Amendment's free exercise clause, the 4th Amendment's protection against unreasonable search and seizure, RLUIPA and Pennsylvania's Religious Freedom Protection Act.

UPDATE: The day after the lawsuit was filed, the parties reached a settlement agreement and on Wednesday the court issued an order that permits the church to resume housing up to eight homeless people and two staff members. (York (PA) Daily Record).

French Appellate Court Reverses Controversial Annulment

An appellate court in Douai in northern France yesterday reversed a decision by a lower court that had granted a Muslim husband an annulment when he discovered that his wife was not the virgin she had claimed to be. The lower court had held that the husband was misled "concerning essential qualities" of his wife. (See prior posting.) Agence France Press reports that now the wife supports the annulment. Many European parliament members complained however that the lower court decision amounted to unacceptable infringement of religion into the public sphere. French Justice Minister Rachida Dati says that, despite the government appeal of the case, the annulment would be acceptable on other non-religious grounds such as breach of trust between husband and wife.

British Employment Appeal Tribunal Broadly Protects Against Religious Bias

In Saini v. All Saints Haque Centre, (UK Empl. App. Trib., Oct. 24, 2008), a British Employment Appeal Tribunal held that the Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 were violated when Employee A is mistreated for the purpose of seeking to get rid of Employee B on the grounds of Employee B's religion. The claimant asserted that an immigration advice center was controlled by adherents to the Ravidass faith who were determined to bring pressure against Hindus employed at the center. Personnel Today reported on the case in yesterday's edition.

Nigerian Court Orders Release of Man Arrested For Having 86 Wives

IBN reports today that Nigeria's Federal High Court has ordered the unconditional release of Mohammed Bello Abubakar. The 84-year old man had been arrested and charged with "insulting religious" creed and "unlawful marriages" after local Muslim leaders ordered him to divorce 82 of his 86 wives. (See prior posting.) Initially he was arraigned by an Upper Sharia Court in Niger state. Now the Federal High Court has ordered the inspector general of police to give Abubakar protection from local authorities. BBC News reported several days ago that Abubakar had been released on bail, but IBN says he is still in custody. There is no law against polygamy in Nigeria, but Islamic law permits only four wives. The Niger state government says it will appeal the High Court's order. It is one of the Nigerian states that has reintroduced Sharia law.

Court Supervised Election of Buddhist Temple Board Upheld

In Wat Phra Buddha Chinnaraj Buddhist Temple v. Ketpongsuda, (CA Ct. App., Nov. 14, 2008), a California Court of Appeals upheld a trial court's resolution of a dispute over control of a Buddhist Temple in Chino Hills, CA. The trial court found that bylaws adopted in 1996 were the governing instrument and that later revisions were not properly adopted. It went on to order an election of new directors under the 1996 bylaws. The election was supervised by a court-appointed special master. The appellate court found that the court below properly applied "neutral principles of law" in making its determinations, and did not infringe the Temple's free exercise of religion protected by the California constitution.

Seven Amish Men Convicted For Refusing To Use Safety Emblem

After an all-day trial in a Graves County court in Mayfield, Kentucky, seven Amish men were convicted Friday of refusing to use the state-mandated orange "slow-moving vehicle" emblem on their horse-drawn buggies. They were fined a total of $250. Objecting to bright colors, they are willing only to use gray tape, plus lanterns at night. Believing that they should not trust their safety to a man-made symbol, they insist that the tape only outline the back of their buggies. The Louisville Courier-Journal reported yesterday that the defendants, members of the Swartzentruber Amish sect, plan to appeal. They claim that insistence on using the state emblem infringes their free exercise rights, and that their prosecution was discriminatory because the law has not been enforced against slow-moving farm machinery. (See prior related posting.)

Recent On-Topic Scholarly Articles and Book

From SSRN:

• Paul Horwitz, The Philosopher's Brief, (Constitutional Commentary, Forthcoming).


• Thomas Charles Berg, Religious Organizational Freedom and Conditions on Government Benefits, (Georgetown Journal of Law & Public Policy, 2009).


• Perry Dane, West Virginia State Board of Education V. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943), (ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT, David Spinoza Tanenhaus, ed., Gale, 2008).


• Amelia J. Uelmen, 'It's Hard Work': Reflections on Conscience and Citizenship in the Catholic Tradition, (Journal Catholic Legal Studies, Vol. 47, pp. 317-342, 2008).

From Bepress:

• Maurice Adams & Adriaan J. Overbeeke, The Constitutional Relationship between Law and Religion in the History of Ideas: A Contemporary European Perspective, (Global Jurist: Vol. 8 : Iss. 3, 2008)).

From SmartCILP and elsewhere (Constitutional Law issues):

• Paul E. McGreal, The Case for a Constitutional Easement Approach to Permanent Monuments in Traditional Public Forums, (Northwestern University Law Review, Oct. 27, 2008).


• Susan Gellman & Susan Looper-Friedman, Thou Shalt Use the Equal Protection Clause for Religious Cases (Not Just the Establishment Clause), 10 University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 665-743 (2008).


• Daniel A. Seeger, Reconciling Religious Faith and Democratic Practice: The Problem of the Elusive Definition of Religion, 84 Notre Dame Law Review 97-109 (2008).


• Deborah Jones Merritt & and Daniel C. Merritt, The Future of Religious Pluralism: Justice O'Connor and the Establishment Clause, 39 Arizona State Law Journal 895-948 (2007).

From SmartCILP (Law & Religion):

• Marriage, Religion, and the Role of the Civil State. Foreword by Joel A. Nichols; articles by Margaret F. Brinig, Steven L. Nock, Elliot N. Dorff, John Witte, Jr. and Joel A. Nichols. (Links to full text.) 5 University of St. Thomas Law Journal 544-615 (2008).


• Liaquat Ali Khan, Advocacy under Islam and Common Law, 45 San Diego Law Review 547-608 (2008).


• W. Jesse Weins, Employer Funding of Fertility Awareness Training: Acceptable Alternative to Mandated Prescription Contraceptive Coverage in Employee Benefits, 12 Michigan State University Journal of Medicine & Law 321-339 (2008).


• Alfred L. Brophy, How Missionaries Thought: About Property Law, For Instance, 30 University of Hawaii Law Review 373-399 (2008).


• Charles R. Foster, Identity and Integrity in Clergy Formation, 5 University of St. Thomas Law Journal 457-469 (2008).

Recent Book:

• John L. Esposito and Dalia Mogahed, Who Speaks for Islam? What a Billion Muslims Really Think, (Gallup Press, March 2008), author interview in Christianity Today.