Wisconsin Supreme Court Interprets Statute Limiting School Aid To One Area School Of Each Denomination

In St. Augustine School v. Taylor, (WI Sup. Ct., July 2, 2021), the Wisconsin Supreme Court answered a certified question from the U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals on how to apply a state statute regarding transportation aid to parochial schools. Under Wis. Stat. §§ 121.51 and 121.54, private schools can receive funding for transporting children to school, but in each attendance area only one school affiliated with each religious denomination can get funding. At issue in this case is how a court is to determine whether two Catholic schools in the same area are affiliated with the same denomination.  The court concluded:

... [I]n determining whether schools are "affiliated with the same religious denomination" pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 121.51, the Superintendent is not limited to consideration of a school's corporate documents exclusively. In conducting a neutral and secular inquiry, the Superintendent may also consider the professions of the school with regard to the school's self-identification and affiliation, but the Superintendent may not conduct any investigation or surveillance with respect to the school's religious beliefs, practices, or teachings.

Justice Roggensack filed a concurring opinion arguing that whether both schools are "affiliated" with the Archdiocese of Milwaukee depends on whether there is a mutual organizational relationship between the schools and the Archdiocese.

Justice Hagedorn filed a concurring opinion, saying in part:

[A] "religious denomination" is an organizational entity, not a synonym for religious faith generally. Thus, when Wis. Stat. § 121.51(1) asks whether two schools are "affiliated with the same religious denomination," the question is not whether both schools share the same creed, but whether they are both affiliated with a particular kind of religious organization——a religious denomination.

Justice Bradley filed a dissenting opinion arguing that the provision denying benefits where two religious schools serve overlapping attendance areas is unconstitutional, saying in part:

On its face, § 121.51(1) denies a public benefit only to students attending religious schools in overlapping attendance areas. Private but secular schools located in overlapping attendance areas are not disqualified from receiving benefits on this basis. Denying an otherwise publicly available benefit on account of religious identity violates the First Amendment to the United States Constitution....

 Any governmental overriding of a religious school's profession of independence from the "religious denomination" of another school ... would "require us to rule that some religious adherents misunderstand their own religious beliefs. We think such an approach cannot be squared with the Constitution or with our precedents, and that it would cast the Judiciary in a role that [courts] were never intended to play."

Wisconsin COVID Order Closing Schools Violated Free Exercise Rights

In James v. Heinrich, (WI Sup. Ct., June 11, 2021), the Wisconsin Supreme Court in a 4-3 decision, held that under Wisconsin statutes, the local health officer had no authority to issue a COVID-19 Order that closed schools.  In addition, the majority held that such orders are unconstitutional under the Wisconsin state constitution, saying in part:

[T]hose portions of the Order restricting or prohibiting in-person instruction are unconstitutional because they violate a citizen's right to the free exercise of religion guaranteed in Article I, Section 18 of the Wisconsin Constitution....

Under Heinrich's Order, all schools in Dane County——including these private religious institutions——were required to cease all in-person instruction for students in grades 3-12 and instead provide a virtual learning environment. Consequently, all in-person religious practices interwoven with religious education at these schools——ones deemed essential to the Petitioners' exercise of their faith——were suspended by government decree.

Justice Hagedorn filed a concurring opinion. Justice Dallet, joined by Justices Bradley and Karofsy, dissented, disagreeing with the majority's statutory interpretation and contending the majority did not need to reach the constitutional question.

Archdiocese Sues For in-Person Access To Inmates

The Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee last week filed suit in state court against the Wisconsin Department of Corrections challenging its continued ban on volunteer clergy visiting prison inmates during the COVD crisis. The complaint (full text) in Archdiocese of Milwaukee v. Wisconsin Department of Corrections, (WI Cir. Ct., filed 6/7/2021),  alleges that the policy violates statutory provisions in Wisconsin on clergy access to prisons as well as the state constitution's protection of religious liberty. Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty issued a press release announcing the filing of the lawsuit.

Eviction of Church Did Not Violate RLUIPA

In Schworck v. City of Madison, (WD WI, May 6, 2021), a Wisconsin federal district court dismissed a suit for damages brought against city officials by The Lion of Judah House of Rastafari and its founders who claim that their eviction from their leased premises violated their rights under RLUIPA, the free exercise clause, the equal protection clause and other provisions. The premises served as a homeless shelter, and a location for the church which distributed cannabis to members in exchange for donations. The lessees were never able to obtain a certificate of occupancy allowing them to operate the former retail store site as a church. The court said in part:

[N]ot only have plaintiffs failed to link to any land use regulation a substantial burden, but they have failed to submit evidence of a substantial burden on their religious practices altogether, thus defeating both plaintiffs’ RLUIPA and First Amendment claims on the merits....

In particular ... plaintiffs’ asserted substantial burden on their religious practices is the October 16, 2019, eviction from the property. Critically, they do not take the position that (1) compliance with the City’s municipal ordinances would violate their religious beliefs, (2) the costs and inconvenience of compliance posed a substantial burden, or (3) the uncontested municipal court proceedings created a substantial burden on their ability to exercise their religious beliefs....

[E]ven assuming that defendants or any City officials treated plaintiffs’ unfairly during the permitting or inspection process (and again, the evidence does not support such a finding), a reasonable trier of fact would have no basis to conclude that treatment impacted the October 16, 2019, eviction from the property on this record.

Wisconsin State Journal has more on the decision.

Local Wisconsin COVID-19 Orders Challenged On 1st Amendment Grounds

A lawsuit was filed this week in a Wisconsin federal district court against ten local public health officers and a number of other local and state officials seeking to prevent enforcement of local COVID-19 Emergency Orders after the Wisconsin Supreme Court invalidated a statewide emergency order because it exceeded legislative authority and was improperly adopted. (See prior posting.) This week's lawsuit was brought by seventeen plaintiffs, one of whom is a pastor.  The complaint (full text) in Yang v. Powers, (ED WI, filed 5/20/2020) alleges in part that the local orders violate plaintiffs' free exercise rights and the Establishment Clause, as well as their freedom of assembly and equal protection rights. Urban Milwaukee reports on the lawsuit.

Catholic School Sues For More Adequate State Bus Transportation

On Friday, a pre-K through 8th grade Catholic school in Madison, Wisconsin announced that it has filed suit against the Madison, Wisconsin Metropolitan School District to obtain state-funded bus transportation that meets its current class starting time.  The complaint (full text) in St. Maria Goretti Congregation v. Madison Metropolitan School District, (WI Cir. Ct., filed 5/15/2020), alleges in part:

Chapter 121 of the Wisconsin Statutes requires school districts ... to provide and fund transportation services to both public and private-school students in their boundaries, with “reasonable uniformity” in the transportation offered.... [T]he District provides busing to its own students that drops them off reasonably before the start of their school day. Yet, despite its plain statutory obligations, the District has adamantly refused to provide similar busing for the upcoming 2020–21 term to the students of St. Maria Goretti School.... Instead, the District has repeatedly informed St. Maria Goretti that it would only provide and fund busing that drops off its students 70 minutes after its current start time. So, the District is forcing St. Maria Goretti to substantially change its start and end times to receive busing, devastating almost every aspect of the school, including its Catholic mission; or to accept manifestly inadequate services that drops off its students well after the beginning of the school day; or to pay for busing services itself, despite the substantial burdens this would impose. This unequal, unjust treatment violates Chapter 121.

The school also filed a 47-page brief (full text) in support of its motion for a temporary injunction or writ of mandamus.

Hair Salon Raises Free Exercise Claims To Wisconsin COVID-19 Order As State Supreme Court Invalidates It On Other Grounds

As reported by WBAY, a suit was filed Tuesday in a Wisconsin federal district court challenging the state's "Safer at Home" order on free exercise and free speech grounds.  Plaintiff Jessica Netzel operates a faith-based hair salon.  According to the news report:

The lawsuit states Kingdom Kuts "as the name implies, is a ministry of Plaintiff Ms. Netzel. Scriptural references are placed about the business. Ms. Netzel sincerely believes that she is to share her faith with others through her work at Kingdom Kuts."

The suit also says that the order prevents plaintiff from participating in in-person worship services.

UPDATE: Here is the full text of the complaint in Kindom Kuts v. Netzel, (ED WI, filed 5/12/2020). [Thanks to Marty Lederman via Religionlaw.]

Yesterday in Wisconsin Legislature v. Palm,( WI Sup. Ct., May 13, 2020), the Wisconsin Supreme Court in a 4-3 decision held that the state's Safer at Home order is unenforceable because it exceeds statutory authority and was not adopted in accordance with required rulemaking procedures.

Parents Sue School District Over Its Transgender Policy

A group of parent filed suit this week against the Madison, Wisconsin school district challenging the district's policy on transgender students.  The complaint (full text) in Doe I v. Madison Metropolitan School District, (WI Cir. Ct., filed 2/18/2020) contends that the district's policy violates state constitutional provisions protecting parental rights and their free exercise of religion. The complaint describes the district's policy as follows:

The policy enables children, of any age, to socially transition to a different gender identity at school without parental notice or consent, requires all teachers to enable this transition, and then prohibits teachers from communicating with parents about this potentially life-altering choice without the child’s consent. Even more, the Madison School District directs its teachers and staff to deceive parents by reverting to the child’s birth name and corresponding pronouns whenever the child’s parents are nearby.

The complaint goes on to allege:

As a direct result of their religious beliefs, if these Plaintiffs’ children ever experience gender dysphoria, they would not i mmediately “affirm” whatever beliefs their children might have about their gender, but would instead remind them that they were “fearfully and wonderfully made,” see Psalm 139:14, and seek to help them identify and address the underlying causes of the dysphoria and learn to accept and embrace their God-given sex.

... At the same time, Plaintiffs w ill never stop loving their children, or love them any less, no matter what they believe about their gender.

LGBTQ Nation reports on the lawsuit.

Challenge To Chaplaincy Program Dropped After Changes Are Made

A Stipulation for Dismissal signed by both parties was filed earlier this week in  Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc. v. Kaul, (WD WI, 11/20/2019). The suit, which was initially filed in state court and was apparently removed to federal court, challenged the constitutionality of a Chaplaincy Program for employees and their families created by the Wisconsin Department of Justice. Six chaplains from across the state were appointed initially-- all white males from Christian faiths. The program excluded secular mental health professionals.  According to a press release from FFRF, after a new state attorney general was elected, the chaplaincy program was dropped in favor of an "Employee Support Team". The goal is to create teams with training in counseling, police chaplaincy, and/or empathetic listening.

Student's Distribution of Religious Valentines On Campus Is Protected Speech

In Olsen v. Rafn, (ED WI, Sept. 13, 2019),a Wisconsin federal district court held that Northeast Wisconsin Technical College's Public Assembly Policy violates the free speech rights of plaintiff, a student at the college. The school contended that Polly Olsen violated its policy by distributing hand-made Valentines with Biblical verses on them to fellow students, friends and staff at various places on campus. The school's policy, both the one in effect at the time of plaintiff's activity and an amended one subsequently adopted, limits assembly and expressive activity to designated Public Assembly Areas. Quoting precedent, the court held that the school's limitations on speech as applied here are an "anathema to the nature of a [college], which is ‘peculiarly the marketplace of ideas'." WBAY News reports on the decision.

Catholic High School Sues Over Restrictions On Athletic Field Use

A Madison, Wisconsin Catholic high school has filed suit challenging the manner in which the city's zoning code is being applied to the school.  The complaint (full text) in Edgewood High School of the Sacred Heart, Inc. v. City of Madison, Wisconsin, (WD WI, filed 8/21/2019), alleges violations of RLUIPA as well as various other federal, state and local constitutional and statutory provisions. Because a master plan filed by the school in connection with the renovation of its athletic field stated that it would be used for team practices and physical education classes, zoning authorities contend that it cannot be used for athletic contests, even though the field had been used for nearly a century to host such games. The complaint alleges:

All of the City’s public high schools and the University of Wisconsin-Madison share the same zoning classification as Edgewood, yet the City is imposing these restrictions on Edgewood alone....

The City has treated Edgewood on less than equal terms with the non-religious institutions located and operating within the City’s Campus-Institutional District. 

 Wisconsin State Journal, reporting on the case, explains:

Edgewood’s attorneys have contended that [the master plan] wasn’t meant to be an exhaustive list of uses, while residents have suggested games were intentionally left out to allay neighbors frustrated with the increased use of the field since it was upgraded in 2015.

Residents of the surrounding Dudgeon-Monroe neighborhood have organized against Edgewood’s attempts to bring further improvements to the field — especially a 2017 plan that would have added stadium seating, lights, a sound system and permanent bathrooms — arguing that the field disrupts their quiet neighborhood. Many put signs in their yard reading, “No new stadium.”

Wisconsin Supreme Court Candidate Says Calls For Recusal Promise Are Attacks On His Religious Beliefs

Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reports on the controversy surrounding 2005- 2006 law school blog posts of a state appeals court judge Brian Hagedorn who is a candidate for the state Supreme Court in the upcoming April 2 election in Wisconsin.  As reported in an earlier Journal-Sentinel article, the posts sharply criticized the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling overturning anti-sodomy laws. saying they could lead to the legalization of bestiality. Hagedorn also attacked Planned Parenthood as an organization that was more devoted "to killing babies than to helping women." Critics have called for Hagedorn to promise to recuse himself in cases involving same-sex relationships and Planned Parenthood. In a radio interview, Hagedorn, an evangelical Christian, says that the criticism of his posts and calls for recusal are attacks on his religious beliefs.

Churches Win Exemption From Anti-Discrimination Ordinance

The Green Bay Press Gazette reports that on Friday a Wisconsin state trial court held that De Pere, Wisconsin's anti-discrimination ordinance infringes the free exercise rights of churches and that churches should not be considered public accommodations under the statute.The ordinance prohibits discrimination in housing, employment and public accommodations on the basis of sex, marital status, sexual orientation or gender identity, (See prior posting.)

Chaplaincy Program of Wisconsin Justice Department Challenged

Suit was filed yesterday in a Wisconsin state trial court challenging the constitutionality of a new Chaplaincy Program for employees and their families created by the Wisconsin Department of Justice. The complaint (full text) in Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc. v. Schimel, (WI Cir. Ct., filed 11/13/2018),  alleges that six chaplains from across the state have been appointed initially-- all white males from Christian faiths. The program excludes secular mental health professionals. Chaplains operate under the direction of a paid Chaplaincy Program Coordinator. The suit contends that the program violates the U.S. Constitution's Establishment Clause.  FFRF issued a press release announcing the filing of the lawsuit.

Oral Arguments In 7th Circuit Challenge To Parsonage Allowance

Yesterday the U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals heard oral arguments in Gaylor v. Peecher. (Audio recording of full oral arguments.) In the case, a Wisconsin federal district court held that the parsonage allowance provision in Sec. 107(2) of the Internal Revenue Code violates the Establishment Clause. (See prior posting.)  Courthouse News Service reports on the oral arguments.

7th Circuit Upholds Wisconsin's Limit on Busing Benefit To One School of Each Denomination In District

In St. Augustine School v. Evers, (7th Cir., Oct. 11, 2018), the U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals, in a 2-1- decision, upheld Wisconsin's statue which requires school districts to bus private school students, but limits the obligation to only one private school affiliated with the same religious denomination or sponsoring group in each attendance district. St. Augustine school did not qualify for busing because another Catholic school in the district qualified first. The majority rejected free exercise and Establishment Clause challenges to the arrangement, saying in part:

The reason why St. Augustine cannot demand services within its desired attendance zone is not because it is a Catholic school; it is because—by its own choice—it professes to be affiliated with a group that already has a school in that zone.  By the same token, Wisconsin is not denying the Forros a transit subsidy because they are Catholic or because they seek to send their children to Catholic school. It funds transportation for all of the Catholic families who send their children to St. Gabriel. The problem for St. Augustine is not that it is Catholic; it is that it is second in line.

Judge Ripple dissented arguing that St. Augustine and St. Gabriel should not be seen as affiliated with the same denomination because St. Augustine is organizationally unaffiliated with the Catholic Archdiocese.

Parents Charged In Death of Son From Forced Religious Fast

In Wisconsin, the parents of two boys were charged with neglect causing the death of one son and great bodily harm to the other resulting from a religious fast that lasted a month and a half.  Wisconsin State Journal reports that the parents who immigrated from Nigeria 12 years ago locked their 15 and 11 year old sons in the house and allowed them only water while they were waiting for a blessing from God. The 15-year old died last Friday, the day which, according to the father, the fast was to end.

Challenge To HHS Family Planning Grant Criteria Fails

In Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin, Inc. v. Azar, (D DC, July 16, 2018), the D.C. federal district court dismissed a challenge to an Announcement by the Department of Health and Human Services brought by three Planned Parenthood affiliates and the National Family Planning and Reproductive Health Association.  Plaintiffs particularly object to new language in criteria for funding of voluntary family planning projects.  The new language includes "cooperation with faith based organizations" as one factor to be considered. The court first concluded that the Announcement is not yet subject to judicial review because it is not final agency action. The court went on to hold that even if it reached the merits of the challenge, the Announcement would be valid, saying in part:

such linkages [to faith-based groups] may benefit Title X providers by providing connections to communities in need of Title X services and strengthening enrollment and awareness programming, among other benefits.... The Announcement’s low-key encouragement to partner with community and faith-based organizations is not contrary to law, or arbitrary and capricious.

Courthouse News Service reports on the decision.

Wisconsin Supreme Court, Splitting Equally, Upholds Protection of Indian Graves

In Wingra Redi-Mix, Inc. v. State Historical Society of Wisconsin, (WI Sup. Ct., May 22, 2018), the Wisconsin Supreme Court  divided equally, 3-3, in a challenge to a concrete company that was seeking a permit to allow it to dig up Indian burial mounds located in its quarry.  The vote has the effect of affirming the appeals court opinion which upheld the State Historical Society's denial of a permit. An AP report has more on the decision and its background.

Justice Department Sues Over County Nursing Home's Procedure For Obtaining Flu Shot Exemption

The Justice Department announced yesterday that it has filed a religious discrimination suit against a Wisconsin county because of the religious accommodation policy of a county-owned nursing home.  The complaint (full text) in United States v. Ozaukee County, Wisconsin, (ED WI, filed 3/6/2018), challenges the nursing home's requirement that a religious exemption for staff from the requirement to obtain a flu shot is available only if the staff member furnishes a letter from his or her clergy leader.  Nursing assistant Barnell Williams sought a religious exemption, but was not affiliated with any church or organized religion.  She based her religious objection on her own interpretation of the Bible.  She agreed to receive a flu shot in order to preserve her job.  However, according to the complaint:

Williams suffered severe emotional distress from receiving the flu shot in violation of her religious beliefs, including withdrawing from work and her personal life, suffering from sleep problems, anxiety, and fear of “going to Hell” because she had disobeyed the Bible by receiving the shot. These deep emotional problems stemming from having to take the flu shot have plagued Williams to the present.