Church Sues City Over Ban On Food Aid In Downtown Areas

In July, the city of Orlando, Florida enacted an ordinance banning religious and charitable groups from serving meals to the hungry at the city’s Lake Eola Park and other areas downtown without first obtaining a special permit. A permit is available to any particular organization only for serving two times each year; however the city has created an alternative sitre that can be used without a permit. (See prior posting.) On Thursday, the ACLU of Central Florida brought suit against the city on behalf a church, the homeless man that serves as its pastor, and on behalf of a charity that serves vegan meals, alleging that the new ordinance is an unconstitutional infringement of free expression rights. The South Florida Sun Sentinel reported on the lawsuit. Both sides express hope that the suit will encourage negotiations between the parties.

Texas Fair Held Public For Protection Of Religious Messages

Yesterday a federal district court in Texas held that the Texas State Fair is a public, not a private event, so that the First Amendment protects the rights of Christian proselytizer Darrel Rundus. A release by the AFA Center for Law and Policy reports on the case. The city had taken the position that only the sidewalks outside the fairgrounds are public. While Rundus won the right to orally present his message on the fairgrounds, the court upheld the State Fair's rule that required anyone wishing to hand out leaflets on the fairgrounds to pay a fee.

Senate Committee Report Says Religious Group Was One That Aided Abramoff

The Senate Finance Committee yesterday released a 600-page report charging that five non-profit groups may have jeopardized their tax-exempt status by taking money from clients of convicted lobbyist Jack Abramoff in exchange for assisting Abramoff's lobbying efforts. (Washington Post). Today's Seattle Post Intelligencer reports that one of the groups implicated is Toward Tradition, a group based in Washington state that was once chaired by Abramoff. Toward Tradition describes itself as "a national coalition of Jews and Christians devoted to fighting the secular institutions that foster anti-religious bigotry, harm families, and jeopardize the future of America." The Senate committee report, written by the Democratic staff of the Finance Committee, says that Toward Tradition took money in exchange for help in generating news articles for Abramoff and his clients. Republicans on the committee agreed to release of the report. (See prior related posting.)

Quebec Schools Seek More Accommodation of Religious Diversity

Canada's province of Quebec is examining ways to more effectively deal with religious differences in the schools. Education Minister Jean-Marc Fournier has announced creation of a committee to make recommendations on "reasonable accommodation" of religious, cultural and linguistic diversity. Yesterday's Montreal Gazette reported that the move comes after discovery of a network of underground schools run by parents who are unhappy with the public school system.

India's Supreme Court Says It Can Review Clemency Decision Based On Religion

India's Supreme Court on Wednesday held that the courts can review the exercise of clemency by the president or governor. In Epuru Sudhakar & Anr. v. Government of Andhra Pradesh & Ors., the court said that it should overturn a clemency decision where religion, sex, race, political loyalty or caste was the basis for the decision. PTI reported on the decision.

Canada's Moderate Muslims Want Government Protection From Fundamentalist Threats

Farzana Hassan, president of the Muslim Canadian Congress, has written Ontario's Attorney General asking him to investigate "thinly veiled death threats" made by fundamentalist Muslims against moderate Muslims. The report yesterday by CanWest News Service explains that statements charging moderates are anti-Islam are understood within the Muslim community to be charges of apostasy that are punishable by death. The Muslim Canadian Congress says that labeling a Muslim as anti-Islam or an apostate should be considered a hate crime.

3rd Circuit Denies En Banc Review In Title VII Case

The Wilkes Barre (PA) Times Leader reported yesterday that the U.S. 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals has denied en banc review in Petruska v. Gannon University. A 3-judge panel in September held in the case that the "ministerial exception" to Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act precluded recovery by a female chaplain who claimed that she was demoted at Gannon University because she was a woman.

Swiss City Debates Permitting Religious Cemeteries

Currently, cemeteries in Geneva, Switzerland must be public and non-denominational. However, Jews and Muslims both would like to create private cemeteries in which they can bury their dead according to their religions' rules-- something they can now do in only limited space that is running out. The Associated Press reports that a bill to permit private cemeteries is to be voted on this week by the cantonal parliament. However, Social Democrats are opposed to the proposal. Christian Brunier, Social Democrat deputy, said: "This would open the door to community divisions".

Delaware AG Says Loans and Grant To Churches Were Unconstitutional

The Wilmington, Delaware News Journal reported that a Delaware Attorney General's Opinion released on Wednesday said that three loans and one grant to churches by the town of Middletown, Delaware were probably unconstitutional. Deputy Attorney General Frank N. Broujos said that most of the town's loans to non-profit organizations were probably permissible because they advanced a public purpose. However the grant and loans to churches impermissibly advance religion and religious activities.

Times' Series On Religious Exemptions Criticized

An article Wednesday by the Business & Media Institute strongly criticized the New York Times' recent series on benefits and exemptions granted by government to religious organizations. The Institute said that the series was a "pro-government, pro-regulation treatise". It argues that Diana B. Henriques, reporter on the Times series, failed to point out "the radical nature of several anti-religious sources mentioned in her series".

Tennessee City Commissioner Supports Religion In Schools

In Mt. Juliet, Tennessee, city commission member Glen Linthicum is leading a campaign against the recent lawsuit filed by the ACLU that challenges religious practices in the Wilson County (TN) school district's Lakeview Elementary School. Linthicum co-sponsored a resolution passed unanimously by the city commission urging the schools to fight for their rights to religious expression. He is also organizing a prayer rally for later this month to support the schools. The Tennesssean quotes Linthicum, who said:: "What I hope to accomplish is to send a clear message to ACLU and the rest of Tennessee that Mt. Juliet stands for traditional values in America and that ACLU needs to ply their trade elsewhere."

Somalia Proposes Islamic Restrictions On Media

In Somalia, Islamists who have taken over control of Mogadishu and most of central and southern Somalia have proposed a new set of restrictions that would be imposed on the media. They are designed to prohibit "un-Islamic" reporting, according to a report today from South Africa's IOL. Thirteen proposed rules would ban reporting of information seen as contrary to Islam. The rules would also require registration for media. Reporters Without Borders called the proposals "completely unacceptable".

Iowa Diocese Files For Bankruptcy

The Davenport Iowa Diocese has become the fourth Roman Catholic diocese in the United States to go into bankruptcy in response to claims by individuals suing over sexual abuse by priests. The Des Moines Register reports today that the bankruptcy filing comes a month after the diocese was ordered to pay $1.5 million in damages to an abuse victim. David Clohessy, national director of Survivors Network of Those Abused by Priests, said: "Bankruptcy is not a particularly Christian response."

UPDATE: The Associated Press on Wednesday distributed an interesting article on the risks and uncertainties of dioceses using the bankruptcy route to deal with priest sexual abuse liabilities.

Orthodox Church In Russia Insists Clergy Not Hold Civil Office

Interfax today reports that a Russian Orthodox priest is about to be suspended by the church after he won a recent civil election to become head of administration in the Russian village of Ladovksaya Balka. Yevgeny Bronsky, press secretary for the Diocese of Stavropol and Vladikavkaz said: "Canonically, a priest cannot be a temporal chief. By his decision to head an administration Igor Sheverdin has violated the oath he gave when he was ordained priest".

Michigan Rejects Intelligent Design In Science Classes

The Associated Press reports that on Tuesday, the Michigan State Board of Education unanimously adopted new curriculum guidelines that support the teaching of evolution and exclude the teaching of intelligent design in science classes. The theory could be taught in other courses. Michigan Citizens For Science issued a statement praising the fair procedures used by the Board of Education in considering the issue.

Catholic Hospital Succeeds In Defense Against Wiccan's Title VII Claim

In Saeemodarae v. Mercy Health Services-Iowa Corp., (ND IA, Oct. 6, 2006), an Iowa federal district court held that the religious organization exemption in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act could be invoked by a hospital founded by the Sisters of Mercy to defend against Title VII religious discrimination and retaliation claims. Plaintiff , a telemetry technician, alleged that the hospital fired her because of her Wiccan religious beliefs and activities, including her reading Wiccan literature while at work. The court held that the exemption applied to preclude the lawsuit even where plaintiff's work for the religious organization was secular in nature. The court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiff's discrimination claim brought under state law, and so refused to decide whether the religious institution exemption in the Iowa Civil Rights Act is narrower than that in federal law.

Memorandum Raises 1st Amendment Defenses In Terrorism-Related Case

In May, 2005, two former officers of a Boston-based Islamic charity, Care International, were indicted on charges of concealing facts about Care International from the federal government and with defrauding the Internal Revenue Service into granting Care International 501(c)(3) tax status. The indictment claimed that the organization was involved in funding of the mujahideen and of jihad. (AP; US Attorneys Office; ADL summary).

The Wooster (MA) Telegram & Gazette reports that last week, two high profile First Amendment lawyers filed appearances in a Massachusetts federal district court to represent the defendants. The lawyers are law professor Susan Estrich and former Massachusetts ACLU president Harvey Silvergate. On Oct. 5, 2006, they filed a fascinating 49-page memorandum urging dismissal of the indictment on First Amendment grounds. The case is United States v. Muhamed Mubayyid and Emadeddin Z. Muntasser (Criminal No. 05-40026-FDS, D MA).

The memorandum (available through PACER- subscription and fee required) argues that the information the defendants are charged with concealing related only to the ideological basis of Care International’s activities, and is therefore irrelevant to the granting of non-profit status to the group. It contends that the government is attempting to punish defendants for legitimate activities of an established religious charity that do not differ from the activities of mainline Jewish and Catholic organizations. The memorandum argues that the indictment misinterprets the concept of “jihad”, and that if the government’s theory is upheld, then mere distribution of the Koran by Muslim charities would become a criminal activity.

In arguing that Care International was merely pursuing religious goals, the memorandum says:

[I]t is well-established among all respectable sources that jihad, mujahideen, and zakat are all concepts which derive to varying degrees from the Koran and have enormous religious significance to practicing Muslims. Under the teachings of the Koran, Muslims have an obligation to give zakat,; the mujahideen are widely interpreted to be one of the eight categories of recipients entitled to zakat. The gravamen of the indictment is that Care was devoted to the support of "jihad" which the government simplistically defines as “holy war,” as if doing so negates the charitable and religious basis of Care’s and Mr. Muntasser’s claim to First Amendment protection and creates an obligation to supply information that would normally not be seen as material to such an application for tax-exempt status.

Turkish Government Hesitates To Permit Reopening Of Seminary

The question of whether the government of Turkey will permit the reopening of a 162-year old Greek Orthodox seminary on the island of Halki will be an important measure of religious freedom in Turkey, according to today's Turkish Daily News. That in turn will impact the decision on admitting Turkey to the European Union. In 1971, Turkey closed all university level religious schools, including Muslim ones. As the only secular state in the Muslim world, Turkey argues that it cannot permit the Christian seminary to reopen without also permitting Islamic groups to open schools that could radicalize the Muslim population. The government also does not want to take steps that could lead to Istanbul becoming a kind of "Vatican" for Orthodox Christians.

Montana Church Appeals Constitutionality Of State Election Regulations

Representing a Baptist church charged with violating Montana's election campaign reporting laws, the Alliance Defense Fund (press release) yesterday filed a notice of Appeal with the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in Canyon Ferry Road Baptist Church v. Higgins, (D MT, Sept, 26, 2006). In the case, the district court rejected the Church's First Amendment speech and religion challenges to the election regulations. The Montana Commissioner of Political Practices had ruled that the church should have reported its support of activities in 2004 to get voters to pass a constitutional ban on gay marriage. (See prior posting.)

Federal Grant Will Fund Study Of Impact Of Religion On Youth Social Behavior

A $400,000 federal grant to Baylor University (press release) may shed light on the wisdom of funding faith based social programs. The grant, from the Department of Justice Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, will fund a multidisciplinary initiative to study the role of religiousness, religiosity, religious institutions and congregations, as well as religious practices and beliefs, in promoting prosocial behavior among youth.

Sunday Closing Rules In Nova Scotia Invalidated

In Canada, the Nova Scotia Supreme Court has held that current Sunday closing regulations exceed the authority given to the province's Cabinet by the Nova Scotia Retail Business Uniform Closing Act. In Sobeys Group Inc. v. Attorney General of Nova Scotia, (N.S. Sup. Ct., Oct. 4, 2006), the court struck down Sunday closing rules that exempted most small grocery stores. It said: "Cabinet cannot discriminate either as to the size of the retail outlet or the corporate structure of it without the requisite regulatory power. Such power is neither express or implied in Section 8 of the [Retail Business Uniform Closing] Act. It logically follows that the impugned regulations are ultra vires the Governor in Council (the Cabinet) and are therefore of no force and effect." (See prior related posting.) The Halifax Daily News yesterday reported that most church-goers said that they will not be affected by the fact that stores may now be open.

School's Motion To Dismiss Suit On "Day of Truth" Cards Dismissed

Last week in Arthurs v. Sampson County Board of Education, (ED NC, Oct. 2, 2006), a North Carolina federal district court refused to dismiss a lawsuit against a North Carolina school system brought by a Christian student who was not permitted to hand out Day of Truth cards presenting a Christian view on homosexuality. (See prior posting.) The Sampson County Board of Education had moved to dismiss on the ground that the student's speech was not religious speech, but the court disagreed. In a press release, the Alliance Defense Fund, representing the student, said: "It’s clearly unconstitutional when students participating in the Day of Silence, which supports the homosexual agenda, are permitted to observe their event by distributing flyers ..., but a student with an opposite perspective is prevented from communicating it during non-instructional time."

Chinese Christian Member Of Unregistered Church Granted Asylum

Last week, the Department of Justice Executive Office For Immigration Review's Houston Immigration Court found that the heightened risks for unregistered church members in China is a change of circumstances that justifies granting a previously denied application for asylum. In the high profile case of In the Matter of Li, Xiaodong, (Oct. 3, 2006), the Immigration Court held that Xiaodong Li should be granted asylum. These developments, reported by the Alliance Defense Fund, follow a widely reported 2005 Fifth Circuit decision in the case upholding a denial of asylum. However that decision was vacated later in 2005 after the government agreed to reopen the case based on new evidence.

Recently Available Prisoner Free Exercise Cases

In Rhorabough v. Carey, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72209 (ED CA, Oct. 3, 2006), a California federal magistrate judge dismissed a prisoner's claim that he was not allowed to attend religious services because the complaint did not connect the denial to any defendant named in the law suit.

In Kyles v. Clarke, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72749 (ED WI, Oct. 4, 2006), a Wisconsin federal district court permitted a prisoner to move forward with his claim that he was denied the right to have Islamic religious services in the jail, while Christian religious services were offered several times per week.

In Wells v. Caldwell, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72813 (ED MI, June 14, 2006), a Michigan federal magistrate judge permitted a Buddhist prisoner who was denied vegan meals to proceed with his claim that he was not given a reasonable chance to prove the sincerity of his religious beliefs.

In Harris v. Schriro, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72558 (D AZ, Oct. 4, 2006), an Arizona federal district court dismissed two of the claims filed by a Jewish prisoner. The claim against a food service corporation were dismissed because it was not vicariously liable for its employees who failed to provide Kosher meals to the plaintiff. It rejected his claim that his rights were violated because no rabbi was provided to conduct religious services for him. No volunteer rabbi has been found who is available.

In Walton v. Tilton, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72219 (ED CA, Oct. 3, 2006), a California federal magistrate judge recommended dismissal of a prisoner's claim that the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation's "no pork" policy constitutes an impermissible establishment of religion by endorsing the Muslim faith.

In Ortega v. Apio, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72930 (D Az, Oct. 3, 2006), an Arizona federal district court gave plaintiff prisoner a chance to refile his claim to allege the proper elements of a cause of action, in connection with his claim that he has been denied access to Native American clergy and instead he received visits from "Rez Connections, a Christian ministration group bent on converting Native Americans to Christianity".

Preacher Acquitted On Noise, Trespassing Charges

In Commonwealth v. McRae, (Case No. 0366 SA 2005, Sept. 27, 2006), the Dauphin County, Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas acquitted Ronnie M. McRae, director of the World Wide Street Preacher's Fellowship of charges that he violated Harrisburgh's noise ordinance while preaching across the street from an annual PrideFest gay pride festival held in July 2005. The court held that it need not reach the question of the constitutionality of the ordinance, since the DVD of the event demonstrated that defendant's preaching was consistent with the level of noise that was occurring at the festival. The court also acquitted McRae of charges of "defiant trespass", because McRae was preaching on a sidewalk that was open to the public. (See prior related posting.) [Thanks to David Miller for sending me a copy of the court's opinion.]

A New Danish Muhammad Cartoon

A controversy over a new Danish cartoon of the Prophet Muhammad could be brewing, according to today's Jakarta, Indonesia Post. On Friday, Denmark's national TV2 channel broadcast a video showing a drawing contest at a summer camp run by the far-right Danish People's Party. One of the drawings was a camel with Muhammad's head and beer bottles as humps. The 20 and 30 year olds participating in the contest appeared to have been drinking alcohol and were laughing at the drawing. Din Syamsuddin, chairman of Indonesia's Islamic organization, Muhammadiyah, urged that a lawsuit be filed against those producing the drawings for slandering Islam. However he urged followers not to over react, saying the airing may have been deliberately intended to provoke anger during Ramadan.

Globe Series on "Exporting Faith"

The Boston Globe is running a four-part series titled "Exporting Faith". Part I is titled "Bush Brings Faith to Foreign Aid-- As Funding Rises, Christian Groups Deliver Help -- With a Message". It points out that the present administration has almost doubled the percentage of U.S. foreign aid dollars going to faith-based groups-- mostly Christian groups-- and through a series of executive orders has removed many of the restrictions on intermingling government aid with religion. New policies permit foreign aid groups to engage in faith-based hiring, and to offer religious services immediately before or after distributing government funded aid.

Part II is titled "Religious Right Wields Clout-- Secular Groups Losing Funding Amid Pressure". It points out that USAID officials have favored groups that promote abstinence as the most important way to prevent AIDS. Of the $15 billion in the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), $3 billion is for prevention, and $1 billion of that is required to be spent for "abstinence-until-marriage" programs. A 2003 law requires groups receiving anti-AIDS funds to have a policy explicitly opposing prostitution and sex trafficking. A number of foreign aid groups are concerned that this interferes with their outreach to sex workers who are at high risk for transmitting AIDS.

UPDATE: Part III is titled "Together, But Worlds Apart -- Christian Aid Groups Raise Suspicion In Strongholds of Islam". It says that hospitals in Muslim countries run by Christian groups create suspicion both because of popular opposition to U.S. policies around the world, and concern about proselytization.

Part IV is titled "Healing the Body to Reach the Soul-- Evangelicals Add Converts Through Medical Trips". It focuses on medical missions to developing countries by evangelical Christian medical personnel.

Sandra Day O'Connor On Church-State

Sunday's Richmond (VA) Times-Dispatch reports on a lecture focusing on church-state issues given by former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor at William & Mary Law School. In it, she said: "I do think we're lucky in this country. We have generally kept religion a matter of individual conscience and not a matter for the prosecutor or bureaucrat." She also said that she opposes the idea that the federal government should have greater leeway to reflect Christianity as the religion of the majority of Americans.

Boston Doctor Succeeds In Claiming Conscientious Objector Status

An Army doctor has succeeded in her attempt to obtain conscientious objector status after her religious beliefs changed since her enlistment. Anesthesiologist Mary Hanna will repay with interest the money the government spent on her medical education. Yesterday's Boston Globe reported that a Boston federal district court reversed the ruling of an Army review board denying CO status. The review board had relied extensively on evidence that the doctor's Coptic Orthodox faith does not have pacifism as one of its tenets. Last month the same court had issued a temporary injunction barring the Army from forcing Dr. Hanna into active duty. (See prior posting.)

Religious Discrimination In Adoptions May Have Ended In India

India's Daily News and Analysis on Saturday discusses the impact of the August 2006 amendments to India's Juvenile Justice Act on adoptions by non-Hindus. Before the new law, non-Hindus were only "guardians" of their adopted children until the children turned 18. The child had no inheritance rights unless named in a will, and the adoption could be revoked when the child turned 18. The new law allows people of any religion to adopt, and gives the adopted child the same legal rights as a biological child. However the old laws treating adoptions by non-Hindus differently than those by Hindus were not repealed, and the interaction of the old and new laws remains unclear.

3rd Circuit Reinstates Challenge To School's Policy Banning Religious Music

Last week the U.S. Third Circuit Court of Appeals in Stratechuk v. Board of Education, South Orange-Maplewood School District, (3d Cir., Oct. 5, 2006), reinstated a lawsuit challenging the banning of religious music by a New Jersey school district. The lower court had dismissed the suit against the school district after reviewing the school's official policy on music that was a matter of public record. The Court of Appeals held that the plaintiff's complaint alleges that the school's actual policy was more restrictive than the one that was publicly available. The complaint alleged a categorical ban on exclusively religious music, enacted with the express purpose of sending a message of disapproval of religion. If that is proven, it would support a challenge on First Amendment grounds. Saturday's New York Times reported on the decision.

Candidate's Religious Beliefs Become Issue In Texas Judicial Race

This week's Texas Lawyer reports that religion has been raised as an issue in a race for appellate court judge for the 6th Court of Appeals in east Texas. An online newsletter issued by the Republican Party of Texas criticized Democratic criticized judicial nominee E. Ben Franks, saying he "is reported to be a professed atheist" and apparently believes the Bible is a "collection of myths." It goes on to say: "Should Franks be elected in November, one would have to conclude that he will hold true to his out of touch 'atheist' belief system and ignore the laws and Constitution of Texas." Franks says he has never professed to be an atheist, but that his religious beliefs are his private business. He says that he does strongly support separation of church and state.

British Court Fines Muslim Cabbie For Refusing To Transport Guide Dog

Britain's Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Sec. 37) requires all licensed cab drivers to accept individuals with guide dogs as passengers. Saturday's Gulf Times reports that in London, cab driver Abdul Rasheed Majekodumni was fined and ordered to pay compensation to blind passenger Jane Vernon after he refused for religious reasons to permit Vernon to enter his cab with her dog. Muslim tradition considers dogs impure and commands Muslims to avoid contact with them.

Times Series Examines Accommodation of Religion By American Law

The New York Times on Sunday began a 4-part series examining how American religious organizations benefit from laws granting them exemptions and special treatment. The first installment focuses on regulatory exemptions for social service agencies and exemptions from zoning rules. The online version has extensive links to the pleadings in a RLUIPA case pending in Boulder, Colorado. The second installment focuses on reduced employee rights against religious institutions. UPDATE: Part three focuses on property tax exemptions and tax exempt revenue bond financing for religious institutions. Part IV is titled "Religion-Based Tax Breaks: Housing to Paychecks to Books". It focuses on the parsonage exemption for clergy and sales tax exemptions for religious organizations and publications. All the articles in the series are available from links on a web page set up for the series titled In God's Name.

Recent Publications On Church-State; Relgion & Law

From SSRN:

• Frederick Mark Gedicks, The Permissible Scope of Legal Limitations on the Freedom of Religion or Belief in the United States, (Emory International Law Review, Vol. 19, 2005).
• Frederick Mark Gedicks & Roger Hendrix, Uncivil Religion: Judeo-Christianity and the Ten Commandments, (October 4, 2006).
• Carl H. Esbeck, "Play in the Joints Between the Religion Clauses" and Other Supreme Court Catachreses, (Hofstra Law Review, Vol. 34, p. 1331, 2006).

From European Journal of Philosophy:

• Jurgen Habermas, Religion in the Public Sphere, (Vol. 14, No. 1, 2006). [PrawfsBlawg review.]

From Bepress:

• Andy G. Olree, James Madison and Legislative Chaplains (Sept. 25, 2006).
• Mary R. Bundren, The Influence of Catholicism, Islam and Judaism on the Assisted Reproductive Technologies ("ART") Bioethical and Legal Debate: A Comparative Survey of Art in Italy, Egypt and Israel (September 22, 2006).

From SmartCILP:

• Vincent Phillip Munoz, Thou Shalt Not Post the Ten Commandments? McCreary, Van Orden, and the Future of Religious Display Cases, 10 Texas Review of Law & Politics 357-400 (2006).
• Barbara A. Perry, Jefferson's Legacy to the Supreme Court: Freedom of Religion, 31 Journal of Supreme Court History 181-198 (2006).
• Joshua E. Perry, Biblical Biopolitics: Judicial Process, Religious Rhetoric, Terri Schiavo and Beyond,16 Health Matrix 553-630 (2006).
• Li-ann Thio & Jaclyn Ling-Chien Neo, Religious Dress in Schools: the Serban Controversy in Malaysia, 55 International & Comparative Law Quarterly 671-688 (2006).

Hijab Remains Controversial In Some Countries

Wearing of the hijab, or Islamic headscarf, continues to be controversial in a number of countries. Interfax News today reports that, despite a petition signed by 30,000 Muslim women, the government of Kyrgyzstan continues to refuse to permit women to wear headscarves for passport photographs.

In Tunisia, the government is defending its ban on wearing the hijab in educational institutions and public buildings. Islam Online reports that women students are increasingly kept out of classes if they insist on wearing a hijab. Last month in Tunisia, security forces raided toy stores and removed all the Fulla dolls. Islam Online reports that these hijab clad dolls, with long sleeve dresses and a prayer mate, have outpaced Barbie dolls in popularity in the country. Tunisian Religious Affairs Minister Aboubaker Akhzouri said that the hijab runs counter to the country's "cultural legacy," and is seen as a "foreign phenomenon" in society.

University Of The Cumberlands Withdraws Motion To Dismiss Suit Against It

As previously reported, in Kentucky in April a suit was filed in state court against the University of the Cumberlands, a private religious university located in Williamsburg. The suit challenged the constitutionality of state appropriations to the religiously affiliated institution for the building of a pharmacy school and for pharmacy scholarships. Originally the University filed a motion to dismiss arguing that plaintiffs lacked standing. Today, the Lexington Herald-Leader reports that the motion to dismiss was withdrawn because, if it had been successful, it would have left the validity of the appropriations still in doubt.

Alaska Constitution May Protect Religious Marijuana Use

In Lineker v. State of Alaska, (AK Ct. App., Oct. 4, 2006), an Alaska couple were arrested for possession of marijuana. They defended by invoking the free exercise clause of the Alaska Constitution. Claiming to be members and ordained ministers of the Universal Life Church and the Hawaiian THC Ministry Church, they asserted that oil from the cannabis plant was an essential part of their religion. The trial court rejected the defense, holding that even if the couple held sincere religious beliefs the state had a compelling interest in enforcing its drug laws.

The Court of Appeals reversed and remanded for the trial court to conduct an evidentiary hearing on whether the defendants' conduct was based on a sincere religious belief and, if so, whether the state has not merely a compelling interest in enforcing its drug laws, but whether that interest will suffer if an exemption is granted to accommodate these defendants' religious beliefs. The court said that the test under the Alaska Constitution was similar to the test under RFRA applied by the United States Supreme Court in its 2006 O Centro decision.

Suit Charges New York With Failing To Accommodate Religious Practices Of Prison Guards

The New York Civil Liberties Union yesterday (press release) filed a federal lawsuit challenging a policy that forbids state prison guards from wearing religious head coverings. The suit was brought on behalf of a devout Muslim who was informed that he could no longer wear a kufi while on duty at a state work-release program, even though he had been wearing it for many years without creating any problems. The complaint (full text) charges that the refusal by the State Department of Correctional Services to accommodate religious beliefs of prison guards "stands in sharp contrast to the policies of other agencies". Today's Albany Times Union reports on the case.

Saudis Try Al Qaeda In Shariah Courts

A report from Reuters published today in Qatar's The Peninsula says that Saudi Arabia has begun trying Al Qaeda militants in Shariah courts in which Islamic scholars apply religious law. Deputy Interior Minister Prince Ahmed bin Abdul-Aziz told reporters, "There are Islamic Shariah courts that specialize in these issues. The trials are continuing and ongoing. There are many who have been sentenced and are finished with." Commenting on the militants who began a campaign in 2003 to bring down the royal family by bombing Western housing compounds, he said, "God will judge them harshly. There is no justification at all for attacking peaceful civilians. We are an Islamic country and it is totally unacceptable that their slogan should be Islam."

Democrats Tout Religious Credentials In North Carolina

In western North Carolina where a hotly contested Congressional race is under way, a new political action group, Devout Democrats, plans to run an ad to show that Democrats are religious too. Today's Raleigh News & Observer reports that the ad features former UNC basketball coach Dean Smith saying, "I'm a lifelong Baptist and vote for Democrats. One reason? Democrats are serious about alleviating poverty." the quote is followed by a passage from the Gospel of Matthew about caring for the poor.

European Court Upholds Salvation Army Claim Against Russia

According to a report yesterday by the Associated Press, the European Court of Human Rights has ruled that the refusal by Russia to register the Moscow branch of the Salvation Army after a change in Russian law in 1997 violates the group's rights to freedom of religion and association under the European Convention on Human Rights. The Moscow Justice Department refused to register the group because its founders were foreign nationals. A Moscow district court then ruled on appeal that the Salvation Army branch should be denied registration as a religious body because it was a "paramilitary organization" whose members wore uniforms and served in an "army". The European Court rejected the paramilitary characterization, and held that there was no reason for Russia to treat foreigners different than Russian nationals as to their exercise of religious freedom.

Michigan City Deciding Whether To Move Creche To Private Property

Issues of holiday displays on public property are beginning to surface as the 2006 holiday season approaches. Today's Detroit News reported that in the city of Berkley, Michigan, an ad hoc committee of city council has been studying what to do with the city's traditional nativity scene. For 65 years it has been displayed outside City Hall, but last year the ACLU raised a question about it. The council committee is proposing three alternatives: move the creche to a nearby business property, establish a free-speech zone where any religious groups can display its symbols, or allow a group of religious leaders to rotate the display among churches. Mayor Marilyn Stephan, who supports a move, says that she has received angry e-mails from a coalition of residents calling themselves STAT -- Stopping the ACLU Tyranny-- who dislike any of the alternatives and want to continue the display at City Hall. City Council will discuss the issue at its Oct. 16 meeting.

Indian Court Will Hear Challenge To Jain Fasting Ritual

In India today, the Rajasthan High Court is hearing a Public Interest Litigation challenge to the practice of Santhara, a religious ritual in which seriously ill individuals fast themselves to death. The Shwetambar sect of the Jain community considers Santhara to be the ultimate spiritual achievement. CNN-IBN reports on the case.

More Prisoner Free Exercise Cases From September

In Zarska v. Whitely, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69444 (D KS, Sept. 26, 2006), a Kansas federal district court rejected claims by a Seventh-day Adventist inmate that prison food service employees retaliated against him because of his religion by and failing to correct problems with his the special diet he was to receive for religious reasons.

In Barnes v. Pierce, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69303 (SD TX, Sept. 26, 2006), a Texas federal district court permitted inmates to proceed with a claim that Muslim prisoners are not allowed the same opportunities as are available to prisoners of other faiths to practice their religion, but rejected a challenge to the prohibition on prisoners wearing beards.

In Colquitt v. Camp, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69934 (MD FL, Sept. 27, 2006), a Florida federal district court permitted a Muslim plaintiff to move ahead with his claim against one of the jail officials he sued. Plaintiff alleged that officials refused to accommodate his dietary restrictions during Ramadan and retaliated against him for filing complaints in connection with his diet issues. It also held that defendant was not entitled to qualified immunity.

In Grant v. Sutton, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 70076 (SD IL, Sept. 27, 2006), an Illinois federal district court permitted a former inmate to move ahead with claims that prison officials did not give Muslim inmates full access to the prison chapel for prayer, would not allow Imams to lead services except during Ramadan, denied Muslim inmates permission to participate in religious festivals, denied them access to Qurans, denied plaintiff permission to attend religious classes and chapel, and barred him from leading worship services.

In Ferdinand v. Johnson, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 70986 (WD VA, Sept. 29, 2006), a Virginia federal district court held that a prison's grooming policy did not violate the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act.

Morocco Ministry Changes Religious Textbooks

Islam on Line reported Tuesday that the Ministry of Education in Morocco, as part of its curriculum reform efforts, has made several changes in a Revival of Islamic Education textbook used in public schools. The changes are an attempt to deter Islamic extremism. The changes include deletion of a verse from the Quran that instructed women to "lower their gaze and be modest ... and to draw their veils over their bosoms". The Ministry also removed a hadith that cursed men dressing in women's clothing and women putting on men's clothing. Finally it deleted a photo of a girl wearing hijab and kissing her mother's hands.

Indiana Supreme Court Upholds Striking Clergy From Jury Panel

In Highler v. State of Indiana, (IN Sup. Ct., Oct. 4, 2006), the Indiana Supreme Court held that a prosecutor's decision to use peremptory challenges to strike members of the clergy from a jury panel "because they’re more apt for forgiveness" was permissible. While striking jurors because of their religious affiliation is unconstitutional, the court said that here "the State’s justification for striking [the juror] was not his religious affiliation, but his occupation". Today's Fort Wayne Journal Gazette reports on the case.

Nevada Clergy Endorse Measure To Liberalize Drug Laws

In Reno, Nevada yesterday, according to the Associated Press, a group of 33 clergy endorsed a measure that will be on November's ballot to legalize possession of small amounts of marijuana by adults. The drug would be sold at government regulated stores. Marijuana would be subject to a $45 per ounce excise tax, with some of the proceeds to be used for alcohol, tobacco and substance abuse programs. The proposal would also increase penalties for sales of the drug to minors and for driving under the influence of it. Supportive clergy argued that the proposal would reduce minors' access to marijuana, reduce gang-related violence and generate funds for drug treatment programs.

New Debate Over Same-Sex Marriage In Canada

In Canada, reports surfaced yesterday that the country's Conservative government was considering a new Defense of Religions Act that would protect public officials, such as Justices of the Peace, who refuse to perform same-sex marriages, and would protect the rights of religious leaders and others to criticize homosexual behavior or refuse to do business with gay-rights organizations. (Globe and Mail). The legislation is seen as an alternative if the government loses its bid to try to repeal the same-sex marriage law passed by Parliament last year. Prime Minister Stephen Harper denied reports that new legislation was being drafted, but speculation continues. (Halifax Chronicle Herald). Today, legal and provincial authorities said that any such legislation would be struck down as a violation of the Charter of Rights and as an improper intrusion into provincial affairs. (Globe and Mail).

Parent Attacks Harry Potter Books In Georgia Schools

In a suburban Atlanta school district, a mother of four on Tuesday argued to a hearing examiner that the Gwinnett County schools should ban Harry Potter books. The Associated Press reports that parent Victoria Sweeny argued that the Harry Potter series is an "evil" attempt to indoctrinate children in the Wicca religion. She says that they are particularly harmful to children who cannot distinguish fantasy from reality.

Justice Department Investigating School's Holiday Excusal Policy

The Bakersfield Californian today reports that the U.S. Justice Department's Civil Rights Division is questioning the religious holiday excusal policy of the Bakersfield (CA) City School District. To avoid an unexcused absence, a parent or guardian must provide advance written notice to the principal, and the child must complete the minimum school day, which is almost as long as the regular school day. Students with three unexcused absences are considered truant. The investigation began at the request of the Becket Fund after the school district refused to excuse two children to go to noon Ash Wednesday services last March. In its release on the case, the Becket Fund points out that absences for many secular reasons are excused. The Becket fund is also representing a Jewish family who has a similar complaint about refusal to excuse children for religious observances against the Buttonwillow (CA) Union School District.

En Banc Review Sought In California Library Use Case

Yesterday, attorneys with the Alliance Defense Fund filed a Petition for Rehearing En Banc seeking review by the full U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals' of the recent 3-judge decision in Faith Center Church Evangelistic Ministries v. Glover. (ADF Release.) The decision of the 3-judge panel permitted a California public library to make its meeting rooms available for "meetings, programs, or activities of educational, cultural or community interest", while excluding their use for "religious services". (See prior posting.)

Kentucky Prohibition On Funeral Protests Struck Down

The Associated Press last week reported that a Kentucky federal district court has temporarily enjoined the enforcement of Kentucky's law barring protests within 300 feet of military funerals and memorial services. The law was aimed at members of the Westboro Baptist Church in Topeka, Kansas who go around the country carrying signs at military funerals claiming that soldiers' deaths are punishment from God for the U.S. tolerating homosexuality. The court in McQueary v. Stumbo (ED KY, Sept. 26, 2006) found Kentucky's law too broad, saying:

The provisions at issue in this case burden substantially more speech than is necessary to prevent interferences with a funeral or to protect funeral attendees from unwanted, obtrusive communications that are otherwise impractical to avoid. Section 5(1)(b) prohibits all congregating, picketing, patrolling, demonstrating or entering on property within 300 feet of a funeral whether such activities interfere with the funeral or not and whether such activities are authorized by funeral attendees or not. It prohibits such activity whether the persons involved in the activities are visible to funeral participants or not and whether they are making any sound that funeral participants can hear or not. Thus, in addition to prohibiting intrusive activities, Section 5(1)(b), prohibits activity that would not interfere with a funeral and prohibits communications that are neither necessarily unwanted nor so obtrusive that they cannot be avoided by the funeral attendees....

The 300-foot zone would encompass public sidewalks and streets and would restrict private property owners' speech on their own property. The zone is large enough that it would restrict communications intended for the general public on a matter completely unrelated to the funeral as well as messages targeted at funeral participants.

EEOC Sues Dentist Charging He Imposed Scientology On Employee

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has filed suit against a dentist in Plano, Texas, according to a report in today's Dallas Morning News. The suit claims that Jessica Uretsky, a receptionist who worked for Dr. K. Mike Dossett, was fired when she refused to adopt business practices based on Scientology. The EEOC alleges that Dossett blamed business slowdowns on a lack of "positive energy" among employees. Dossett denies the charges, says that Uretsky, who had worked for him for just over one month, was fired for poor job performance. Apparently Dossett, who was once a member of the Church of Scientology, is no longer a member, but does use Ron Hubbard's system of business management and organizational techniques.

Court Says St. Louis U. Can Get Urban Renewal Funds Despite Its Religious Origins

Yesterday in a 2-1 decision in St. Louis University v. Masonic Temple Association of St. Louis, (MO Ct. App., Oct. 3, 2006), a Missouri appellate court majority said that the city of St. Louis and the state of Missouri could finance development of a 13,000 seat sports arena by St. Louis University using urban renewal funds. The court rejected claims that the financing violates the Establishment Clause of the U.S. constitution and provisions in Missouri's constitution, Art. IX, Sec. 8, that prohibit the use of public funds to aid a university controlled by a religious creed. The majority opinion interpreted the Missouri constitutional provisions "to prohibit State aid only when an institution is controlled in such a way that religious authorities propagate and advance their religion through school operation." It held that while St. Louis University has a Jesuit tradition, it is controlled and operated by an independent, lay board of trustees. However, instead of affirming the trial court's summary judgment decision in favor of the University, the court transferred the case to the Missouri Supreme Court because of the general interest and importance of the issues involved.

Judge Mooney, concurring in the transfer of the case to the state's Supreme Court, wrote that he would not affirm the trial court's summary judgment. He believed that a trial was necessary to determine whether St. Louis University, despite its governing documents, is no longer in fact controlled by the Catholic creed.

Denver Pre-School Tuition Plan Opposed On Church-State Grounds

A proposal will appear on the ballot in Denver, Colorado this November to increase the city's sales tax in order to fund tuition credits for families to enroll their 4-year-olds in private pre-school programs. The Rocky Mountain News reported yesterday that the Mountain States Regional Office of the Anti-Defamation League has announced its opposition to the ballot measure, saying it violates principles of separation of church and state. ADL Regional Director Bruce DeBoskey said,"Although the goals of the Denver preschool plan are laudable, the proposed tax increase would raise serious church/state separation issues because it permits government funds to go to religious institutions to teach religion, without any restrictions or guidelines whatsoever on the use of those funds."

Preacher Sues Kentucky University For Access To Campus

The Lexington (KY) Herald Leader yesterday reported that an evangelical preacher from Symsonia, Kentucky last week filed a federal lawsuit against Murray State University because it is requiring him to have sponsorship of a student organization before he can preach at the University's Curris Center for Student Life. Brother Jim Gilles, represented by the Alliance Defense Fund (press release), says that the University is arbitrarily enforcing its speaker policy, after permitting him in the past to speak anywhere on campus. The complaint (full text) says that the university's policy operates as a prior restraint on speech and religious activity and denies Gilles equal protection of the laws. Gilles, who says he found God in 1981 while attending a Van Halen concert, speaks at universities and state capitals across the country.

Wisconsin State Employee Charity Campaign Cannot Exclude Religious Charities

In Association of Faith-Based Organizations v. Bablitch, (WD WI, Sept. 29, 2006), a Wisconsin federal district court held that it is unconstitutional for the state to exclude a religious charitable organization from participation in the Wisconsin State Employees Combined Campaign solely because the charity discriminates on the basis of religion in choosing its governing board and employees. In reaching the conclusion that the First Amendment rights of religious charitable organizations are infringed by the state's policy, the court rejected the state's arguments that the exclusion furthered a state policy against religious discrimination and that the presence of religious groups would cause controversy and reduce overall participation in the charitable campaign.

Yesterday's Milwaukee Journal Sentinel says that the state will not appeal the ruling. It also points out that to qualify for inclusion in the Combined Campaign, religious charities will still have to demonstrate that they do not discriminate in the delivery of services.

Turkey's Justice Minister and President Fear Islamism

In Turkey last week end, Justice Minister Cemil Çiçek complained, in a television interview, that the country's Religious Affairs Directorate is doing an inadequate job in providing religious education to young people. This has led people to accept misinformation about Islam as being accurate teachings, he said according to a report in Monday's Turkish Daily News. Meanwhile, on Sunday, Turkey's President Ahmet Necdet Sezer, in his last address to Parliament before he steps down next May, warned that the country faces a threat from rising Islamism. Another report in Monday's Turkish Daily News quotes Sezer, a former chief judge of the Constitutional Court, as saying: "The principle of secularism is the core of all the values that constitute the Republic of Turkey."

InterVarsity Christian Fellowship Sues University of Wisconsin For Recognition

Yesterday, the Alliance Defense Fund announced that it has filed a federal lawsuit on behalf of the University of Wisconsin-Superior's student InterVarsity Christian Fellowship. The University refused to grant recognition to the student group because it limits its leadership positions to Christians, in violation of the University's anti-discrimination policy. The complaint (full text) alleges that this violates the group's First Amendment rights to freedom of speech, assembly and religion, and denies the group equal protection of the laws. Reporting on the lawsuit, today's Badger Herald quotes university officials as saying that this case, as well as ones involving non-recognition of the Knights of Columbus and of the Roman Catholic Foundation on the UW-Madison campus, have more to do with concern over stricter allocation of student fees than with religion.

Student's Religious Speech Right Upheld, But No Relief Granted

In an interesting case decided two weeks ago by a Michigan federal district court, parents of a fifth-grade student in Saginaw, Michigan succeeded in proving that their son's religious speech was improperly limited by public school officials, but a combination of qualified immunity and mootness (since the student was no longer enrolled at the school) precluded plaintiffs from either recovering damages or obtaining injunctive and declaratory relief. In Curry v. School District of Saginaw, (ED MI, Sept. 18, 2006), students were required to take part in a "Classroom City Project", in which they constructed a fictitious city in the gymnasium from cardboard refrigerator boxes, elected city officials, constructed storefronts and made products to sell during a three-day event.

Student Joel Curry, largely inspired by his parents' suggestions, created candy cane ornaments from pipe cleaner as his product. He attached a card to the ornaments giving them a religious interpretation. While Joel received an "A" for his performance (a grade that the court described as a generous one for his parents' efforts), the school principal told Joel that he could not sell his product with the religious message attached. The court decided that this limitation improperly restricted the student's rights of expression (though not his free exercise rights). In reaching this conclusion, the court wrote:

The lessons Classroom City was designed to teach presumably included economics, marketing, civics, and entrepreneurialism. Standing alone, the candy canes with a religious card attached met those ostensible goals.... In fact, a religious theme might be viewed as filling a market niche. Joel would not be the first to discover the commercial allure that religion has brought to capitalism. It appears that he learned that lesson well by ascribing a religious -- albeit unoriginal and inaccurate -- aura to an historically secular object to enhance its marketability.

Churches, Politics, and Voters' Guides

As Agape Press reports on two recent studies showing that only 6% of clergy and 11% of lay church members said they feel their own church is "very involved in local politics or political issues," the Decatur, Alabama Daily News reports on two alternative voters guides that will be distributed in the state to church members. One guide is published by Christian Action Alabama. It focuses on candidates' views on specific legislative issues. A more recent entry is a guide by Redeem the Vote that asks candidates more general questions about the church they attend, their favorite Bible verse, how they will publicly acknowledge their faith, and what role their faith will pay in formulating public policy.

New Jersey Supreme Court Will Hear RLUIPA Appeal

Last week, the New Jersey Supreme Court agreed to hear an appeal in a RLUIPA case brought by St. Joseph Korean Catholic Church against the borough of Rockleigh. A state court of appeals upheld the town's refusal to grant a zoning variance to the church. These developments were reported Saturday by North Jersey.com.

Cert. Denied In Challenge To California School's History Unit On Islam

On Monday, the U.S. Supreme Court denied certiorari in Elkund v. Byron Union School District, No. 05-1539, a case challenging a California elementary school's role playing activities that were designed to acquaint students with Islam. (See prior posting.) In reporting on the denial of cert., the Associated Press noted that the case involved a challenge by school parents to a world history unit titled "The Roots of Islam and the Empire" that had students reading pages from the Koran and studying Islam's Five Pillars of Faith. The 9th circuit had agreed that the unit did not create Establishment Clause problems.

Maryland Prison Policy On Religious Holidays Questioned

The Associated Press reported Monday that advocates for prisoners are questioning Maryland's policy that guarantees prisoners only the right to observe one holy day per year while in prison. Some institutions permit two, but even that poses problems for Jewish inmates. Prisoners in Maryland also can gather twice each week for religious purposes-- once for worship and once for study. Prison officials say that they have 29 recognized religions. The Maryland Division of Corrections says it is looking into the complaints about limits on holiday observance.

Senate Passes Bill To Protect Tithing In Chapter 13 Bankruptcies

The Salt Lake Tribune reports that on Saturday morning, before it adjourned for the election break, the U.S. Senate passed a bill to amend the Bankruptcy Code to overrule a recent decision that held that in Chapter 13 bankruptcy proceedings, tithes to a church could not be paid until the debtors had repaid their other creditors. More specifically, the court held that above-medium income debtors in Chapter 13 cannot deduct charitable contributions from their payment plans. The Senate bill was sponsored by Senators Orin Hatch and Barack Obama. In a release on the bill, Sen. Hatch said: "As a rule, I do not like impromptu legislative responses to judicial decisions,” Hatch said. “But the religious practices and beliefs of individuals should not be subject to the whims of judicial interpretation. This bill ensures those who tithe can continue to live their faith while in bankruptcy." The House of Representatives has not yet acted on the bill.

Four Justices, Other Officials, At Sunday's Red Mass

Four of the U.S. Supreme Court's five Catholic justices attended the Red Mass on Sunday at the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Matthew in Washington. Today's New York Times reports that many other cabinet members and politicians were also in attendance at the service that marks the opening of the Supreme Court's term. Here is the full text of the homily delivered at the service by Washington Archbishop Donald W. Wuerl. In it, he said: "The assertion by some that the secular voice alone should speak to the ordering of society and its public policy, that it alone can speak to the needs of the human condition, is being increasingly challenged." Zenit points out that this was Wuerl's first Red Mass. It was co-celebrated by Archbishop Pietro Sambi, the apostolic nuncio to the United States.

Malawi Human Rights Commission Orders Buddha Statues Out Of Orphanage

Last week, the Malawi Human Rights Commission ordered a Buddhist orphanage funded from Taiwan to remove statues of Buddha from all its dormitories. The Commission said their presence could force children into accepting Buddhism. Malawi's Constitution (Chap. IV, Sec. 23)provides how children and orphans are to be treated. Spero News reported on these developments on Sunday. Also, Malawi's deputy information minister, John Bande, praised the Buddhist community for constructing the orphanage but asked officials at the to consider allowing children there to eat meat.

Compromise On Chaplains In Defense Appropriations Act

On Friday, Congress passed the FY 2007 Defense Appropriations Act before it adjourned for its election break. The bill had been held up over language on military chaplains. The House version would have assured chaplains that they could pray according to the dictates of their own conscience, except for narrow limitations compelled by military necessity. (See prior posting.) The Senate version did not contain this language. The Conference Committee eliminated completely from the bill any language about chaplains. However the Conference Committee Report included language directing the Air Force and the Navy to rescind recent policies that they had adopted, and requiring them to reinstate earlier policies:

The conferees direct that the Secretary of the Air Force rescind the policy and revised interim guidelines concerning the exercise of religion in the Air Force issued on February 9, 2006, and direct that the Secretary of the Air Force reinstate the policy that was set fort in Air Force directive 52-1 dated 1 July 1999. The conferees further direct that the Secretary of the Navy rescind Secretary of the Navy Instruction 1730.7C dated February 21, 2006, titled "Religious Ministry within the Department f the Navy" and direct that the Secretary of the Navy reinstate the policy that was set forth in the Secretary of the Navy Instruction 1730.7B dated October 12, 2000.

The regulations that Congress ordered rescinded had been explicit in calling on chaplains to offer non-sectarian prayers when officiating at military events other than religious services. The earlier versions that are to be reinstated are less explicit on this issue. (Background on Navy policy. Background on Air Force policy.)

This is merely a temporary solution, however, to the debate over the extent to which military chaplains should be permitted to offer explicitly sectarian prayers at service-wide ceremonies with interfaith audiences. Those on both sides claimed that the compromise was a temporary victory. Jay Sekulow of the American Center for Law and Justice said:

In a temporary victory, Congress rolled back those regulations that were causing the difficulty for the chaplains and reinstated earlier regulations that were more protective of the free exercise of religion. Congress also said that they will visit this issue fully in January when the new Congress returns. We anticipate major hearings on these issues.

On the other side, Mikey Weinstein, founder of the Military Religious Freedom Foundation said that keeping the House language out of the final bill was a victory.

Does Yom Kippur Ceremony Violate Los Angeles Law?

LA Voice.org on Friday raised the question of whether a pre-Yom Kippur ceremony practiced by some traditional Jews violates the Los Angeles Municipal Code. The ceremony of kaparot involves swinging a live chicken over one's head, while reciting a set prayer in order to symbolically rid oneself of one's sins. It is intended to imbue people with the feeling that their very lives are at stake as they begin the Yom Kippur prayers for repentance. After the ceremony, the chicken is slaughtered and donated for a needy family to eat for the pre-Yom Kippur meal (or an equivalent value is given to charity). Most traditional Jews today swing money to be donated to charity over their head instead of a live chicken, but some communities still practice the more traditional form of the ritual. Los Angeles Municipal Code Chap. V, Section 53.67 prohibits animal sacrifice, which is defined broadly as "the ... killing of any animal in any religious ... ritual ... wherein the animal has not been ... killed primarily for food purposes, regardless of whether all or any part of such animal is subsequently consumed."

"First Monday" Without Oral Arguments To Accommodate Yom Kippur

Tomorrow, the first Monday in October, is the traditional day for the U.S. Supreme Court to open its term. However, because tomorrow is also the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur, the opening day will be without the presentation oral arguments, according to Law.com.

Some More Prisoner Free Exercise Cases

In Fabricius v. Maricopa County, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 67423 (D AZ, Sept. 14, 2006), an Arizona federal district court rejected a free exercise claim by a jail inmate who alleged that the fact that female guards could see him using the toilet and shower violates the principles of modesty required by his Catholic religion. It also rejected his Establishment Clause claim based on allegations of the jail's lengthy playing of music that advanced Judeo/Christian religious doctrines.

In Massingill v. Livingston, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 68249 (ED TX, Aug. 9, 2006), a Texas federal magistrate judge recommended rejection of free exercise and RLUIPA claims of a prisoner who was a member of the Israyl Identity faith. The prisoner challenged the application of the prison's grooming requirements to him, seeking to grow a beard and shoulder-length hair. He also wanted to be kept separate from inmates of other races, and to have his meals for Saturday delivered to him on Friday so that prison employees who serve him would not have to work for him on Saturday.

In Vega v. Lantz, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69120 (D CT, Sept. 26, 2006), a Connecticut federal district court permitted claims by a Muslim prisoner to proceed against certain of the defendants. The plaintiff had charged denial of daily congregate prayer, of Jumah services when no Islamic chaplain is present, a lack of timely Ramadan prayers,, insufficient calories in the meals during Ramadan, inability to purchase Islamic items, no Halal meats, no inmate chaplains, denial of his request for circumcision, improper handling of the Quran, and discrimination.

In Hill v. Cruz, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69094 (SD TX, Sept. 26, 2006), a Texas federal district court dismissed for lack of proof a Muslim prisoner's claim that processed American cheese containing pork enzymes is placed in non-pork food entrees at the prison.

In Jordan v. Carr, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 68753 (ND IA, Sept. 22, 2006), an Iowa federal district court rejected a jail inmate's claim that he should be allowed to attend both Christian and Muslim religious services.

In Jonas v. Schriro, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69427 (D AZ, Sept. 25, 2006), an Arizona federal district court rejected First Amendment and RLUIPA claims by a Native American prisoner who complained that he was prohibited from engaging in pipe ceremonies, smudging, wearing of colored headbands, and using a sweat lodge.

Middle School Sued For Refusing To Let Student Read Bible

The Rutherford Institute announced on Friday that it has filed suit against a Prince George’s County, Maryland school challenging its vice-principal's refusal to permit a student to read a Bible in the cafeteria during the lunch period. The incident took place at Dwight D. Eisenhower Middle School. The suit argues that the refusal violates the constitution as well as the school system's own regulations.

Competing Guides Issued For Catholic Voters

The Catholic social justice group Catholics In Alliance for the Common Good last week published Voting for the Common Good: A Practical Guide for Conscientious Catholics. It is described as "an essential tool for Catholics who wish to vote their faith this November". The Washington Post on Saturday reported that the group hopes to distribute at least 1 million of the guides before the November elections. A competing voting guide issued this year by Catholic Answers, Voting Guide For Serious Catholics, says that there are "five issues involving non-negotiable moral values in current politics": abortion, euthanasia, embryonic stem cell research, human cloning and same-sex marriage. In contrast, the guide issued by Catholics In Alliance says that Catholic voters should take into account a broader range of issues. It lists 18 issues that are important to Catholics, including poverty, immigration, the environment, global arms trade, workers' rights, nuclear disarmament and genocide.

Reacting to the new voter guide issued by Catholics In Alliance, Catholic League president Bill Donohue is quoted by LifeSite News as saying: "[It] is a slick attempt to get the abortion albatross off the necks of Catholic Democrats, but it's a failed effort-the noose is still there."

Boston Islamic Society Can Go To Trial On Defamation and Conspiracy Claims

According to the Boston Herald, on Friday a state court judge in Massachusetts rejected First Amendment defenses and ruled that a suit by the Islamic Society of Boston could move ahead to trial. The Islamic Society has sued a group of media defendants, a pro-Israel group The David Project, and terrorism specialist Steven Emerson for conspiracy and defamation. The court rejected the defendants' motion to dismiss as protected speech their stories that linked mosque officials to Islamic extremism and terrorist groups. These statements deterred donors from contributing to the building of a planned mosque in Roxbury. (See prior posting.)

Court Holds RLUIPA Claims Covered By Four-Year Statute of Limitations

In Couch v. Jabe, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 68216 (WD VA, Sept. 22, 2006), in what is apparently a case of first impression, a federal district court in Virginia held that claims under the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act are covered by the four year statute of limitations in 28 USC 1658. That section provides that "a civil action arising under an Act of Congress enacted after the date of the enactment of this section [December 1, 1990] may not be commenced later than 4 years after the cause of action accrues." In reaching this conclusion, the court relied on a 2004 U.S. Supreme Court decision interpreting Sec. 1658.

The Virginia district court's holding came in a case in which a Sunni Muslim prisoner alleged that for several years during Ramadan he was denied adequate food and nutrition and was denied the Eid Al Fitr meal and prayer service. The court found that a reasonable jury might conclude that receiving only 1000 daily calories would substantially pressure inmates to break their Ramadan fast. It also permitted plaintiff to move ahead with his claims that Eid Al Fitr meals were served and the feast's prayer services were held at the wrong times to meet religious requirements.

Montana Church Loses Challenge To State Campaign Laws

Earlier this week, a Montana federal district court rejected a First Amendment free exercise and free expression challenge by the Canyon Ferry Road Baptist Church in East Helena, Montana to an order issued last March by the Montana Commissioner of Political Practices. (See prior posting.) The Associated Press reported yesterday that the court upheld the state's ruling that the church should have reported its support of activities in 2004 to get voters to pass a constitutional ban on gay marriage. The church's activities turned it into an "incidental campaign committee" under state law. The court rejected the church's argument that the state's campaign laws are unconstitutional.

UPDATE: Here is the full opinion in Canyon Ferry Road Baptist Church v. Higgins, (D MT, Sept. 26, 2006).

Suit Filed To Get VA Approval Of Wiccan Symbols On Military Headstones

Yesterday, the American Civil Liberties Union filed suit on behalf of several plaintiffs, asking the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims "to direct the National Cemetery Administration (NCA) of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to respond to long-pending applications to include the Wiccan Pentacle among the emblems of belief that may be engraved on government-issued headstones and markers of deceased veterans." In the complaint in Egbert v. Nicholson (full text), plaintiffs based their request on the Administrative Procedure Act, the First Amendment's free expression and establishment clauses, and the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. In a press release announcing the filing of the litigation, the ACLU quoted its staff attorney, Aaron Caplan: "The government has no business picking and choosing which personal religious beliefs may be expressed. All veterans, regardless of their religion, deserve to have their faith recognized on an equal basis." (See prior related posting.)

Tennessee School To Reconsider Distribution Of Gideon Bibles

The Lebanon Tennessee Special School District is considering whether to end a long-time practice of permitting the Gideons to drop off Bibles on display tables in the schools once each year for interested fifth graders to take home. The Tennessean reports that the board decided to re-examine its policy after a parent complained that the practice takes away from parents the decision as to what religious literature their children should receive.

Airport Will Accommodate Muslim Cabbies' Objections To Alcohol

The Metropolitan Airports Commission of Minneapolis-St. Paul, in Minnesota, is dealing with a new issue of accommodation of Muslim religious practices. On Thursday, the Minneapolis Star-Tribune reported that some 75% of the 900 taxi drivers at Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport are Somalis, many of whom are Muslim. Observant Muslim cabbies object to transporting passengers carrying alcohol that is openly displayed. So arriving passengers are sometimes refused taxi service when a driver sees them carrying wine or liquor. To deal with the issue, the Airports Commission is proposing to place color-coded lights on taxi roofs to indicate which cabs will accept riders carrying alcohol. Taxi starters at the airport curb will then be able to direct passengers carrying, for example, duty free bags containing alcoholic beverages to cabs that will accept them. [Thanks to Eugene Volokh via Religionlaw for the lead.]

Security At Red Mass Does Not Violate Religious Protesters' Rights

In Mahoney v. United States Marshals Service, (DDC, Sept. 27, 2006), the federal district court for the District of Columbia this week upheld security arrangements imposed by the US Marshals Service on the Red Mass held each year in St. Matthew's Cathedral just before the first Monday opening of the U.S. Supreme Court's session. A Presbyterian minister, a fellow-Christian, and a Christian religious organization had claimed that the restrictions on protesters violated their First Amendment speech rights and the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. The plaintiffs wished to carry signs supporting the public display of the Ten Commandments. The court found that the challenged security restrictions were narrowly drawn, content neutral time, place and manner regulations, and that they did not impose a substantial burden on plaintiffs' free exercise of religion. Demonstrators had adequate alternative channels available to them. [Thanks to Blog from the Capital for the lead.]

Many New Articles Of Interest Have Recently Appeared

From American Political Science Association:
Carolyn M. Warner & Manfred W. Wenner, Religion and the Political Organization of Muslims in Europe, (Perspectives on Politics, Sept. 2006).

From SSRN:
Tanya Marie Johnson, The Defense of Marriage Act and the Establishment Clause , (April 21, 2006).

From Bepress:
Jennifer Kreder, Undoing the Native American Graves and Repartriation Act, (September 6, 2006).

Elisabeth D. Reid, The Faith Based and Community Initiative and the Challenge Posed by the Establishment Clause, (September 9, 2006).

Andrew Koppelman, Conscience, Volitional Necessity, and Religious Exemptions, (September 15, 2006).

Kojo Yelpaala, Legal Consciousness and Contractual Obligations, (September 19, 2006).

From SmartCILP:
Adlia Abusharaf, Women in Islamic Communities: The Quest for Gender Justice Research, 28 Human Rights Quarterly 714-728 (2006).

Waheeda Amien, Overcoming the Conflict Between the Right to Freedom of Religion and Women's Rights to Equality: a South African Case Study of Muslim Marriages, 28 Human Rights Quarterly 729-754 (2006).

Nora O'Callaghan, Lessons from Pharaoh and the Hebrew Midwives: Conscientious Objection to State Mandates As a Free Exercise Right, 39 Creighton Law Review 561-639 (2006).

Daniel J. Rosenthal, Charitable Choice Programs and Title VII's Co-religionist Exemption, 39 Creighton Law Review 641-665 (2006).

Panel: The History, Religion, and Philosophy of American Exceptionalism. Articles by Claes G. Ryn, Joseph Boyle, William T. Cavanaugh and Charles J. Reid, Jr. 3 University of St. Thomas Law Journal 211-310 (2005).

Tennessee School Sued Over "Praying Parents" Group

The ACLU of Tennessee filed suit in federal court this week on behalf of the parents of a kindergartener against the Wilson County (TN) Schools and various school officials. The lawsuit challenges Christian meetings and prayer events that are held at Lakeview Elementary School in Mt. Juliet, Tennessee. The Tennessean reports today that the challenged activities include a "Praying Parents" group that meets in the school cafeteria during school hours and drops off fliers in classrooms to let children know the group has prayed for them. The Praying Parents group is featured on the school's website. The suit also says that the school observed "National Day of Prayer" by holding a student poster competition and handing out "I prayed" stickers to students.

EEOC Sues On Behalf of Jehovah's Witness Waitress

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has filed a religious discrimination lawsuit against Razzoo's Cajun Cafe in Dallas, Texas, according to yesterday's Dallas Business Journal. The suit grows out of a complaint by a Jehovah's Witness who was employed as a waitress at the restaurant. She requested not to be part of birthday celebrations for customers at the restaurant because her religion forbids such celebrations. She offered to cover other waitresses' tables while they sang for customers, but the restaurant refused to accommodate her and instead fired her from her job.

Hungarian Protests Have Antisemitic Flavor

Today's edition of the Forward reports that the anti-government riots that have shaken the Hungarian capital of Budapest for over a week have used antisemitic terminology and symbols. Among these are the red and white flag of Hungary’s World War II fascists. Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány has been condemned by rioters and their sympathizers in veiled, and sometimes more explicitly, antisemitic language. Gyurcsany is not Jewish.

Religious Polygamists Prevalent In Upscale Utah Subdivisions

A syndicated article from the Chicago Tribune today focuses on the prevalence of polygamy in upscale subdivisions around Salt Lake City, Utah. After US. Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid from Nevada, who is a Mormon, wrote Attorney General Alberto Gonzales on Sept. 12 to request a federal task force to investigate polygamous sects in the Western U.S. (full text of letter), many polygamists have come forward to defend their religious beliefs in plural marriage. They say it fulfills the mission of all Mormons to be fruitful and multiply and to ascend to the highest reaches of heaven. They decry the fact that the mainstream Mormon church in 1890 abandoned polygamy for what they see as political expediency. Experts estimate that 40,000 people live in polygamous families in the Western U.S., with most of those in Utah.

Vatican Message To U.N. On Religious Freedom

Zenit has published the full text of a Sept. 21 address on Religious Freedom In the Global Village delivered to the United Nations Human Rights Council by Archbishop Silvano Tomasi, the Holy See's permanent observer to the U.N.'s office in Geneva.

Pennsylvania Upholds Father's Right To Teach Religious Belief In Polygamy

Yesterday in Shepp v. Shepp, (PA Sup. Ct., Sept. 27, 2006) (majority opinion, concurrence, dissent) the Pennsylvania Supreme Court refused to order a divorced father to refrain from discussing his religious views that favor polygamy with his daughter whose custody he is sharing. The order was sought by the child's mother who divorced her former husband because of his beliefs in polygamy. The court said:

Based on the record before us, it is clear that the Commonwealth’s interest in promoting compliance with the statute criminalizing bigamy is not an interest of the "highest order" that would supersede the interest of a parent in speaking to a child about a deeply held aspect of his faith.... The state’s compelling interest to protect a child in any given case ... is not triggered unless a court finds that a parent’s speech is causing or will cause harm to a child’s welfare.

However Justice Baer dissenting argued:

It is imperative ... to distinguish matters of free expression from matters of immoral and criminal conduct. Where the former amounts to indoctrination into the latter, constitutional rights begin to yield to society’s interests in regulating such conduct.

The Associated Press reports on the decision.

Wisconsin City Settles RLUIPA Suit

Today's Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reports that the city of New Berlin, Wisconsin has reached a settlement with SS Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Church in a long-running zoning dispute. In 2005, the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals held that the city's refusal to grant the church's rezoning request violated RLUIPA. This week's settlement requires the city to pay the church $370,000 in damages and will rezone the land to permit the church to build once it applies for a building permit and submits plans. The agreement still needs to be approved by the court.

EEOC Charges Private College With Religious Discrimination

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has sued a private college, the University of Phoenix, alleging that the school favors enrollment counselors who are members of the Mormon Church over other counselors. Yesterday's Arizona Republic reports that the EEOC charged that non-Mormon counselors employed by the University were not given the same leads on new students and were discriminated against in other ways as well.

Religious Clubs Thrive In South Florida Schools

Today's Miami Herald says that religious clubs are thriving in public schools in South Florida. The Christian group, First Priority, has 80 chapters in Broward and Palm Beach counties, supported by local churches. Jewish and Muslim, as well as Christian groups are on Miami-Dade middle and high school campuses. The federal Equal Access Act requires that such groups be treated in the same way as non-religious extracurricular organizations in public secondary schools.