Church's Claims Against Parent Body Can Largely Be Decided on Neutral Principles of Secular Law

 In Fifth Avenue United Methodist Church of Wilmington v. North Carolina Conference, Southeastern Jurisdiction, of the United Methodist Church, Inc., (NC App., Dec. 31, 2024), a North Carolina appellate court, in a 2-1 decision, held that the trial court had improperly dismissed a number of claims by a church whose parent body closed its down and seized its property while the church was seeking to disaffiliate from the parent body. The majority said in part:

... Fifth Avenue contends that the trial court has subject matter jurisdiction to consider its property and trust claims because there remains a genuine, secular question of whether it was in a connectional relationship with the UMC concerning the Property.  Fifth Avenue maintains as such because none of the deeds pertaining to the Property refer to the trust clauses contained in the BOD [Book of Discipline], “save one green space parcel conveyed in 1986.”  After carefully considering our precedents resolving similar disputes, we agree....

Fifth Avenue next argues that even if the Property is subject to a trust under the BOD, the trial court erred in dismissing its claim arising from its right to disaffiliate and retain the Property free of the trust clause under paragraph 2553.  Fifth Avenue contends that its breach of contract claim survives dismissal at this stage because it does not require a determination of ecclesiastical issues and can be settled by neutral principles of contract law.  Fifth Avenue maintains that Defendants failed to follow the disaffiliation procedures set out in paragraph 2553 by not allowing a church conference vote within 120 days...  [W]e agree and hold that the trial court committed error by dismissing Fifth Avenue’s breach of contract claim because determining whether Defendants “acted within the scope of their authority” and “observed the organization’s own organic forms and rules is founded in neutral principles of secular law.” ...

Fifth Avenue next submits that the trial court committed error by dismissing its claims for fraud and constructive fraud because they do not require the court to examine or determine ecclesiastical issues.  More precisely, Fifth Avenue contends that whether Defendants colluded to take the Property “under the guise of legitimate action can be determined without delving into the validity of the reasons” provided for closure.  After scrutinizing the record and applicable law, we agree....

 Judge Arrowood filed an opinion dissenting from much of the majority's holdings, saying in part:

I believe the trial court is permitted to assess whether Fifth Avenue is contractually entitled to disaffiliate following closure, as this can be decided under neutral principles of law.  However, I respectfully dissent from the remainder of the majority opinion.  I believe the First Amendment church doctrine warrants dismissal of Fifth Avenue’s claims apart from the breach of contract claim and would affirm the trial court’s judgment in those respects.

4th Circuit: Abstention Doctrine Does Not Apply in Challenge to No Religious Exemption in Vaccination Law

In West Virginia Parents for Religious Freedom v. Christiansen, (4th Cir., Dec. 31, 2024), the U.S. 4th Circuit Court of Appeals in a 2-1 decision held that a West Virginia federal district court erred in applying the Pullman abstention doctrine in a suit challenging the constitutionality of West Virginia's vaccine mandate for school children. Plaintiffs contended that the absence of a religious exemption in the mandate violates the 1st Amendment's Free Exercise Clause. The majority said in part:

Pullman abstention is typically reserved for a situation where the state law being presented is unclear and could be interpreted in a way that avoids the federal constitutional issue....  And Pullman abstention is not applicable if the state law is not subject to an interpretation that would render unnecessary the adjudication of a federal constitutional question....

 ... [T]he only state law presented for decision here is the Vaccination Mandate.  On the other hand, the only state law identified as being unclear is the recently adopted [Equal Protection for Religion Act].  And the Plaintiffs are not challenging the Vaccination Mandate under EPRA.  Rather, the Plaintiffs pursue their Free Exercise claim solely under the Free Exercise Clause.... 

... “[A]bstention cannot be ordered simply to give state courts the first opportunity to vindicate the federal claim.”

Judge Berner filed a dissenting opinion, saying in part:

In several cases ..., this court and the Supreme Court have found abstention proper because the challenged law’s relationship with a different state law or constitutional provision was unsettled....

Because the relationship between the Vaccination Mandate and the EPRA is unsettled, this case satisfies the first Pullman requirement. 

This case also meets the second Pullman precondition.... There is no requirement that the resolution of the state law issue necessarily moot the federal constitutional issue. Instead, it is enough that questions of state law “may dispose of the case and avoid the need for deciding the constitutional question.”

Happy New Year 2025!

Dear Religion Clause Readers:

Happy New Year 2025! 

I hope that you continue to find Religion Clause a valuable source of information on the intersection of law, religion and public policy. Recently the total number of posts since Religion Clause began publication in 2005 broke the 25,000 mark .

It has been a busy year for those of us who follow legal developments impacting free exercise rights and church-state separation.  As political, cultural and health care issues have increasingly taken on religious significance for many individuals, deciding which developments qualify as ones of religious concern has become a more difficult project. I have generally treated all legislative and judicial developments relating to reproductive rights as ones that I should cover.  It has been more difficult to decide which developments regarding transgender rights are ones that implicate religious views.

Another coverage challenge has been created by the explosion in the number of court decisions on denial of religious exemptions from Covid vaccine mandates during the height of the pandemic.  Many of these decisions are repetitive in their legal analysis. I have generally moved to covering only appellate court decisions in this area or the rare trial court decision that has a unique twist to it. (This is the same standard that I have applied for a number of years in covering prisoner free exercise cases.)

Religion Clause has always been a niche blog which has particularly attracted lawyers, social scientists, advocacy organization personnel, law school faculty, journalists, clergy, legislative and executive branch staff, students and others working professionally or avocationally interested in church-state relations and religious liberty issues.  I invite your feedback on the continued effectiveness of the current format.

The Religion Clause website is the most effective way of accessing posts, ad-free.  However, Religion Clause posts are also available through e-mail subscriptions, through X (formerly known as Twitter) and through Facebook, though the format, accompanying advertising, and availability of posts through these channels are handled by third parties over whom I have no control. Hopefully the technical issues that earlier this year interfered with access through Facebook and X are now resolved.

As always, I have attempted to retain Religion Clause's objectivity and its policy of linking to extensive primary source material. I hope that the blog continues to have a reputation for reliability at a time when the objectivity of social media is increasingly called into question.

I also urge you to look at the blog's Sidebar which has dozens of links to useful sites. Scroll down and you will also find resources to subscribe for e-mails giving you access to the latest posts, and access to the X (Twitter) account.

Thank you to all who are loyal readers of Religion Clause-- both those who have followed it for many years and those who have only recently discovered it. I hope you will continue to follow Religion Clause in 2025. Please recommend the blog to colleagues, students and friends who may find it useful and interesting.

I want to extend a special thanks to those of you who have sent me leads to developments of interest.  I have tried to acknowledge them in the posts that they generate. To all my readers, feel free to contact me by e-mail (religionclause@gmail.com) in response to this post or throughout the year with comments or suggestions.

Best wishes for a New Year that is more peaceful and tolerant than the past year,

Howard Friedman                 

President Jimmy Carter's Views on Religion

Jimmy Carter, 39th President of the United Staes, passed away on Sunday at the age of 100. The White House issued a Proclamation from President Biden formally announcing Carter's death. Religion played an extremely important role in Carter's life. In October 1976, just a month before the election in which he narrowly defeated Gerald Ford, Carter gave a lengthy interview (full text) with leaders of "National Religious Broadcasters" and "World Religious News" that set out his personal views on religion as well as on separation of church and state. Here are a few excerpts:

Q. Mr. Carter, ... can you tell us what Jesus Christ means to you, and to what extent you have dedicated your life to Him?

Governor Carter. The most important thing in my life is Jesus Christ....

I had my deepest and most personal turning to Christ about 10 years ago. 1966 or 1967, when I realized that in spite of the achievement within my church circle, as chairman of the board of deacons, superintendent of the Sunday School, and so forth, that there was an absence of a deep, constant personal relationship with Christ I went to some other states to witness among those who had no church affiliation. During the trips, I felt very personally present to the Holy Spirit and began to be able to testify for the first time with complete sincerity about what Christ meant to me. I found it easy to pray without a special extra effort; it became part of my consciousness, and I felt a sense of peace and security that I had never felt before....

Q. How does your Christian commitment affect political decisions you have made and will make in the future?

Governor Carter. As a Baptist I believe very strongly in the principle of separation of church and state....

As far as my decisions as a political leader, they are affected very heavily by my Christian beliefs. I spent more time on my knees as governor of Georgia than I had spent all the rest of my life put together because I felt the responsibility of many other people's lives. I cling to the principles of the Judeo-Christian ethic. Honesty, integrity, compassion, love, hope, charity, humility are integral parts of any person's life, no matter what his position in life may be. But when someone is elected and trusted by others to help determine one's own life quality, it puts an additional responsibility on the pastor or the schoolteacher or someone who has a public life. So, the Christian or the religious commitment is one that's especially useful tome....

... Not too long ago, I taught a Sunday school lesson about how Paul and Peter reacted to the laws or government of that day. Their admonition was to obey the law and to obey the chosen rulers.

If there was a violation of God's laws by the civil law, to obey God's law is to be willing to accept the punishment administered by the civil law and to try to work to make sure the civil law was compatible with God's law.

Q. In the past, much has been discussed concerning prayer and Bible reading in public schools. In the event you become the President of the United States, what proposals or plans would you have concerning this particular area?

Governor Carter. I don't favor the state, through the public schools, requiring a certain kind of prayer or worship. I believe that ought to be a decision made by the individual student. There ought not to be any prohibition against any self-initiated worship. But the requirement of conformity of worship is something that is contrary to my own beliefs....

9th Circuit: Ministerial Exception Bars Claim by Mashgiach for Wages and Promotion

In Markel v. Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations, (9th Cir., Dec. 30, 2024), the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals held that the ministerial exception requires dismissal of a suit alleging wage and hour violations as well as fraud and misrepresentation brought by a mashgiach (kosher food inspector) against the kosher certification agency that employed him. Plaintiff alleged that he never received a promotion and raise that were promised to him and certain compensation for overtime. The court concluded that defendant, the Orthodox Union, is a religious organization and that plaintiff Markel is a "minister." saying in part:

... [I]f OU is a religious organization and Markel is its minister, the exception applies to Markel’s claims, which are all employment related.  We address each in turn....

Because only observant Orthodox Jews can serve as a mashgiach for the OU, and because they are necessary to carrying out OU’s religious mission of “ensuring the wide availability of kosher food,” a mashgiach is a minister for purposes of the ministerial exception....

... Markel invites us to create a rule that if a religious purpose did not animate the relevant employment decisions, then the ministerial exception should not apply, and the case should be allowed to proceed to discovery.... 

Markel’s argument raises two separate, but related issues.  First, can issues involving a religious institution ever be bifurcated into being either “religious” or “non-religious?”  And second, does a religious institution need to identify a “religious” justification for its employment related decisions to invoke the ministerial exception?  The answer to both questions is no....

... Since the same constitutional harm looms regardless of whether an employee-plaintiff’s employment-related claims are against the religious organization or its leaders, we hold that the ministerial exception protects both....

Judge Sanchez filed an opinion concurring in part and concurring in the judgment. Reuters reports on the decision.

Court Denies Preliminary Injunction Against Moratorium Delaying Building of Mosque

In Zikar Holdings, LLC v. Ruhland, (D MN, Dec. 26, 2024), a Minnesota federal district court refused to issue a preliminary injunction to enjoin the city of Lino Lakes from enforcing a one-year moratorium on development of an area of the city where plaintiffs had proposed to build a housing development that included a mosque. Plaintiffs contended that the moratorium was motivated by discriminatory intent in violation of the free exercise clause, RLUIPA and the Fair Housing Act. The court said in part:

Here, Plaintiffs are likely to show that the Moratorium might have delayed Plaintiffs’ ability to build a place of worship and potential future residences near it in the northwest corner of Lino Lakes.  The language of the Moratorium, however, places no permanent restrictions on Plaintiff’s ability to build anything and, perhaps more importantly, it places no restriction on Plaintiff’s ability to seek development of a mosque elsewhere in the City or to worship elsewhere in the City.  Plaintiffs have therefore not shown that they are likely to prove the Moratorium was a “substantial burden” on their ability to practice Islam....

On this evidence, the Court believes a reasonable juror could infer that the Moratorium was pretextual.  However, the evidence presented at this stage, prior to discovery, is not so strong that it satisfies the heightened Rounds standard.  The motives and beliefs of the council members, as well as the basis for the timing of the Moratorium decision remain unknown at this stage, and absent additional circumstantial evidence of discriminatory intent, a reasonable fact-finder could conclude that supporting the Moratorium reflected the importance of complying with the 2040 Plan and prudent infrastructure and resource planning.  Thus, the Court concludes that this factor is neutral, weighing neither in favor of nor against granting Plaintiffs’ preliminary injunction motion.....

Recent Articles of Interest

From SSRN:

• Raphael Cohen-Almagor, Is Israel a Liberal Democracy?, (The Cairo Review of Global Affairs (December 2024)).
• Syed Khalid Mohiuddin & Danish Ahmed Siddiqui, The Development of the Maqasid Al Shariah Index to Assess the Sharia Compatibility Performance of Islamic Industry Including Other Industry and Financial Industry & Banks, (September 18, 2024).
• Taisu Zhang, "Natural Hierarchies", (Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities, Volume 36 (forthcoming 2025)).

From SmartCILP:

• Theresa Glennon, Book Review. Acknowledgement: Restoring Human Rights and Dignity. Redress: Ireland's Institutions and Transitional Justice, edited by Katherine O'Donnell, Maeve O'Rourke, James M. Smith, 42 Boston University International Law Journal 1-26 (2024).
• Julie F. Kay, Prioritizing Children's Educational Interests When One Parent Leaves an Ultra-Orthodox Community, 57 Family Law Quarterly 231-264 (2023-2024).

White House Releases National Strategy to Counter Islamophobia and Anti-Arab Hate

Earlier this month (Dec. 12), the White House released a U.S. National Strategy to Counter Islamophobia and Anti-Arab Hate (full text). The 67-page document says in part:

Islamophobia is hatred, discrimination, or bias directed at Muslims or those perceived to be Muslim. It can have a profound negative impact on people of all ages and backgrounds, threatening their personal safety and their ability to fully exercise their constitutional rights. This Strategy also seeks to counter hate targeting Arab Americans because they are Arab. It is important not to conflate Muslims with Arabs and Sikhs, who also often experience unique forms of hate, bias, and discrimination because of who they are, not because they are perceived to be Muslims.  

This Strategy sets forth actions to counter hate, discrimination, and bias affecting these communities, remaining mindful of their unique experiences. We have listened to community and civil society leaders, as well as subject matter experts from various backgrounds throughout the development of this Strategy, and they have shared both their common and distinctive concerns.  

For far too long, it has been common to conflate Arabs and Muslims. As we note in this Strategy, the majority of Arab Americans are not Muslim, and the vast majority of Muslim Americans are not Arab. Arab Americans practice a number of religions, including Christianity and Islam, and they are ethnically and racially diverse. Throughout this Strategy, we identify unique challenges facing Arab Americans and emphasize the importance of avoiding conflation with other communities, even as we put forward a number of common strategies to address many forms of hatred.

AP reported on the release of the National Strategy.

EEOC Sues Employer for Refusal to Grant Religious Accommodation to Covid Vaccine Mandate

The EEOC announced yesterday that it had filed a Title VII lawsuit against the North Carolina-based Rex Healthcare, Inc. for refusing to grant a religious accommodation to an employee who objected to receiving the Covid vaccination.  According to the EEOC:

[I]n 2021 Rex Healthcare implemented a policy mandating that all employees receive a COVID-19 vaccination unless they were granted an exemption because of their religious beliefs or a disability. The charging party in the EEOC’s suit, who worked remotely, requested a religious exemption in accordance with the policy. Even though the employee had previously been granted an exemption from being required to take the flu vaccination based on her religious beliefs, the request for an exemption from the COVID-19 vaccination was denied.

The employee submitted multiple follow up requests with additional explanations of her religious beliefs in support of her request. Despite the employee articulating a sincerely held religious belief, Rex Healthcare denied the employee’s accommodation requests and subsequently fired her for failing to comply with the company’s COVID-19 vaccine mandate.

Top 10 Religious Liberty and Church-State Developments of 2024

Each year in December, I attempt to pick the most important church-state and religious liberty developments of the past year.  My choices are based on the importance of the pick to law or policy, regardless of whether the development has garnered significant media attention. With each pick, I link to one or a few of numerous postings on the topic. The selection of top stories obviously involves a good deal of subjective judgment. Indeed, as religion, culture and politics increasingly overlap, there are even questions about whether certain developments should be seen as "religion" stories at all. I welcome e-mail comment at religionclause@gmail.com on my choices. Here are my Top Ten picks:

1. Title VI investigations by the Department of Education and Title VI lawsuits by Jewish students proliferate as the continuing Gaza war triggers antisemitic and anti-Zionist demonstrations on campuses across the country.

2. States increasingly ban gender-affirming care for minors.

3. Voters in 7 states approve abortion rights ballot measures; proposals lose in 3 states.

4. Religion in public schools roars back as an issue: Bibles in the classroom, school chaplains, 10 Commandments in classrooms, released time programs.

5. Supreme Court punts on two sensitive issues: FDA approval of abortion pills (lack of standing), and whether federal law on emergency room care pre-empts state abortion bans (cert. improvidently granted).

6. Mixed  results in suits by teachers who claim religious right to refuse to call students by their preferred pronouns as courts enjoin Title IX rules that protect transgender students from discrimination in schools.

7. Oklahoma Supreme Court says religious charter school is unconstitutional.

8. Indiana appellate courts say state's Religious Freedom law is violated when women are prohibited by from obtaining an abortion that their religious beliefs direct them to obtain.

9. Alabama Supreme Court says wrongful death statute covers destruction of frozen embryos. Legislature quickly reverses that result.

10.  Dozens of cases brought by employees who were denied religious exemptions to Covid vaccine mandate continue to work their way through the courts with mixed results.

Christmas Greetings from National Leaders

President Biden yesterday issued Christmas greetings on X (formerly Twitter), saying:

This Christmas Eve, my wish for you and your family is that you take a few moments of quiet reflection and find that stillness that's at the center of the Christmas story.

May you find peace in this silent night. And warmth from those surrounding you.

Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau also issued Christmas greetings yesterday, saying in part:

As we reflect on the past year and look to the future, let us continue to show love and kindness – to ourselves and to those in need. Let us also take a moment to thank those who give so much of themselves to make Canada the place we are proud to call home, including the brave members of our Canadian Armed Forces, the dedicated first responders and essential workers, and the countless volunteers. Thank you, to all of you.

Here is United Kingdom Prime Minister Keir Starmer's Christmas message  in which he said in part:

Because as Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ, the Christmas story reminds all of us to reach out to one another. To care for one another. And to look after those around us.

This Christmas, I will be hoping for peace, particularly in the Middle East as the birthplace of the Christmas story.

I’ll be looking towards a better, brighter future for every person and celebrating the joy and wonder that Christmas brings. 

HIPPA Rule Barring Reporting of Legal Abortions to Out-of-State Enforcement Authorities Is Preliminarily Enjoined

In April of this year, the Department of Health and Human Services adopted new privacy rules under HIPPA designed to protect women (and those who assist them) who travel out of state for an abortion that is not legal in their state of residence. The rules prohibit doctors, clinics and insurance companies from disclosing information about patients' reproductive health care that is lawful where provided when the information is sought by the patient's home state for the purpose of an investigation that may lead to civil or criminal liability there. (See prior posting.) In Purl v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, (ND TX, Dec. 22, 2024), a Texas federal district court issued a preliminary injunction barring enforcement of the rule against the physician and the clinic that are plaintiffs in the suit. The court held that the HHS rule violates a provision of HIPPA protecting state rules requiring reporting of child abuse. The court said in part:

Congress mandated that HIPPA cannot be "construed to invalidate or limit the authority, power, or procedures established under any law providing for the reporting of disease or injury, child abuse, birth, or death, public health surveillance, or public health investigation or intervention." ...

Plaintiffs argue that the 2024 Rule "unlawfully limits disclosures about child abuse" to states like Texas..... They aver HHS limits such disclosures by curtailing doctors' ability to freely report suspected "child abuse" and instead forces them into a "labyrinth of criteria" to determine what can and cannot be disclosed....

The 2024 Rule "limits" practitioners from reporting "child abuse" in several ways. It requires "covered entities" to determine whether the relevant "reproductive healthcare" was "lawful" under the circumstances it was acquired.... 

But, of course, many "covered entities" are not prepared or equipped to make nuanced legal judgments....

Again, even if a more nuanced reading of the 2024 Rule allowed child-abuse reporting to Texas CPS, a nonlawyer licensed physician is not equipped to navigate these intersecting legal labyrinths. And it is precisely such restraints and impediments that Congress forbade when it comes to child-abuse reporting.

Ministerial Exception Doctrine to Development Director's Suit Against Holocaust Education Organization

In Lavy v. American Society for Yad Vashem, (CD CA, Dec. 19, 2024), a California federal district court refused to find that the ministerial exception doctrine requires dismissal of a pregnancy discrimination and retaliation lawsuit against an organization dedicated to preserving the legacy of Holocaust victims.  The court said in part:

... [T]he record does not support a finding that Plaintiff is a “minister” within the meaning of the ministerial exception. The record does not show that Plaintiff’s job duties required her to be of any specific faith, to educate anyone on a particular religion’s customs or laws, to spread a religious message, or to oversee or participate in any religious ceremonies. Plaintiff’s primary job duty throughout her employment with Defendant was fundraising development....

Defendant does not provide either evidence or legal authority demonstrating that its mission of historical education and memorialization moves it under the broad umbrella of “religious institutions” for purposes of the ministerial exception. Rather, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has raised a genuine dispute that Defendant operates primarily as a fundraising organization. For example, Defendant has not offered any evidence that its bylaws or certificate of incorporation set forth any religious purpose....

The court similarly found that defendant did not show that it qualifies for the religious corporation exemption from California's anti-discrimination law. 

Recent Articles of Interest

From SSRN:

• Almir Sivalee,  Historical Aspects Of The Discipline For The Construction Of Primitive Christianity, (November 01, 2022).
• Dennis Wieboldt, Conservative Constitutionalism Reconsidered, (Journal of American Constitutional History 2 (2024)).
• Marc O. DeGirolami, "The Very Idea of Tradition in the Law", (Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy: Per Curiam, No. 35 (2024)).
• Robert Junqueira, The Sacred Nature of Human Rights: Vladimir Solovyov’s 1898 Saint Petersburg Speech, (JusGov Research Paper No. 2024-19 (2024).
• Jennifer Lee Koh, Immigration from a Christian Perspective: The Challenge and Imperative of Racial Justice, (December 05, 2024).
• Benjamin M. Leff, Challenging the Johnson Amendment: What SAFE SPACE Gets Right -and Wrong, (October 07, 2024).
• Timothy Zick, New Threats to Campus Protest, (First Amendment Law Review (forthcoming, 2025)).
• Alexander Tsesis, The Establishment of Religion in Schools, (FSU College of Law, Public Law Research Paper, Forthcoming).

From SSRN (Non-U.S. Law):

• Imam Sujono, Implementing and Developing Islamic Law Internationally: Challenges in the Modern Age, (Journal of Modern Islamic Studies and Civilization, vol. 1, issue 02 (2023)).
• Frutuoso Rocha, Miriam, Portuguese Multicultural Jurisprudence: Foreign Women or Women Members of Ethnic or Religious Minorities, (JusGov Research Paper No. 2024-18 (2024)).
• Patricia Jerónimo, Religious Time Accommodation Claims and Non Discrimination in the Workplace - Portuguese Constitutional Case Law in Comparative Perspective, (JusGov Research Paper No. 2024-25 (2024).
• Zeeshan Rais Khattak, Impact of Riba Based Transactions on the Socio-Economic System of Pakistan, (March 20, 2024).
• Dr. Sheikh Inam Ul Mansoor, Shari'ah and the State: Analysing Recent Legal and Political Changes in Türkiye, (May 10, 2024).
• Jualie Ada Tchoukou, Regulating Gender Violence in Postcolonial Societies: Is Legal Pluralism a Problem for Human Rights?, (November 21, 2024).

From SmartCILP:

• Forrest Tahdooahnippah, The "Ceremonial Use" Defense to Infringement of Psychedelic Patents, 39 Berkeley Technology Law Journal 917-960 (2024).
• Mike Steenson, Kaplan v. Independent School District of Virginia—The Max Kaplan Story, 50 Mitchell Hamline Law Review. 238-303 (2024).
• Leslie C. Griffin, Catholic Sexual Abuse in Louisiana, 101 University of Detroit Mercy Law Review 375-456 (2024).

Court Enjoins Most of Missouri's Abortion Restrictions, But Clinics Still Impeded from Reopening

In Comprehensive Health of Planned Parenthood Great Plains v. State of Missouri, (Cir. Ct., Dec. 20, 2024), a Missouri state trial court issued a preliminary injunction barring enforcement of many of Missouri's abortion restrictions. The court found that many of the state's restrictive laws, including the state's total ban, gestational age ban and reasons ban, to be unenforceable under the Right to Reproductive Freedom constitutional amendment approved by Missouri voters in November. However, the court refused to enjoin certain existing abortion regulations, finding that plaintiffs had not shown a likelihood of success in challenging these. Among the provisions that remain in effect are the abortion facility licensing requirements, the requirement for in-person appointments and the requirement that only physicians perform abortions. In a press release, Planned Parenthood said that some of the restrictions that remain in effect preclude it from beginning to again offer abortion services, saying in part:

... [T]he practical effect of the decision is that no health center in the state can restart abortion services because none has an abortion license, or can get one under the state’s draconian requirements. The vast majority of Planned Parenthood health centers cannot comply with the medically irrelevant size requirements for hallways, rooms, and doors—and no health centers are able to comply with an equally irrelevant, invasive vaginal exam for patients seeking medication abortion. Plaintiffs will continue to fight to see that these restrictions are enjoined.

[Thanks to Thomas Rutledge for the lead.]

ED Withdraws Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Transgender Students on Sports Teams

In a Notice (full text) to be published in the Federal Register on Dec. 26, the Department of Education withdrew a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking under Title IX on Sex-Related Eligibility Criteria for Male and Female Athletic Teams. The Rulemaking Notice was originally published 17 months ago. The proposed rule would have provided that criteria preventing a transgender student from participating on a team consistent with the student's gender identity would need to be substantially related to an important educational objective, and would need to minimize harms to the affected transgender students, The Department received more than 150,000 comments on the Proposed Rule during the 30-day comment period. In withdrawing the rule, DOE said:

In light of the comments received and ... various pending court cases, the Department has determined not to regulate on this issue at this time.

Ohio Legislature Passes Bill Requiring Released Time Programs and Providing Parents' Bill of Rights

On Dec. 18, the Ohio legislature gave final approval to House Bill 8 (full text) which includes a Parents' Bill of Rights and a provision requiring school boards to adopt a released time program, defined as "a period of time during which a student is excused from school to attend a course in religious instruction conducted by a private entity off school district property." Ohio law has previously made released time programs permissible rather than mandatory. The bill also adds a provision requiring schools to cooperate with sponsoring entities to identify a time during the school day for released time programs.

The parental rights portions of the bill include provisions requiring that parents be given the opportunity to review any instructional material that includes sexuality content. No sexuality instruction is permitted before 4th grade.  The bill also requires notification to parents of changes in counseling services provided to their children, including any request by a student to identify as a gender that does not align with the student's biological sex. Numerous provisions call for parental involvement in other health care services provided by schools to their children. Once the legislature forwards the bill to the governor, he will have 10 days to sign or veto the bill. Ohio Capital Journal reports on the bill. [Thanks to Scott Mange for the lead.]

House Republicans Release Report on Antisemitism

Yesterday, Speaker Mike Johnson and Republican leadership released the 42-page U.S. House of Representatives Staff Report on Antisemitism. (Full text). The Report says in part:

The House-wide investigation has uncovered deeply troubling realities about how antisemitism has been allowed to fester unchecked, including in universities and institutions across the country, with little to no accountability or oversight to prevent its continued spread. The events of the past year have laid bare the systemic failures of many universities, other nonprofit organizations, public officials, higher education administrators, and the federal government in addressing antisemitism – a pervasive issue they can no longer ignore. 

The findings expose a disturbing pattern of defensiveness and denial among institutions. Rather than confronting the severity of the problem, many institutions have dismissed congressional and public criticism and abdicated responsibility for the hostile environments they have enabled. This refusal to acknowledge or address the issue has allowed antisemitism to take root and thrive in spaces that contravene the values of this great nation. 

The House-wide effort has culminated in a set of recommendations for schools, Congress, and the executive branch to consider. These actionable steps are designed to ensure that the rising tide of antisemitism is confronted and eradicated at its core. By holding institutions accountable and fostering an environment of responsibility, these measures aim to restore safety and respect for Jewish Americans across the country.

House Committee Holds Hearing on Biden Administration's Use of the FACE Act

On Wednesday, the House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution and Limited Government held a hearing titled Revisiting the Implications of the FACE Act: Part II.  The hearing focused largely on whether the current administration has applied the Freedom of Access to Clinics Act unequally, and on the impact of the Dobbs decision on FACE. A video of the hearing and links to witnesses' prepared statements are available at the Judiciary Committee's website.

Yeshiva Denied Preliminary Injunction Against Zoning Enforcement

In Anash, Inc., d/b/a Wyoming Valley Yeshiva v. Borough of Kingston, (MD PA, Dec. 19, 2024), a Pennsylvania federal district court refused to grant a preliminary injunction to an Orthodox Jewish Yeshiva whose property was condemned because it was being used for a school and dormitory in violation of zoning ordinances. The court concluded that plaintiff was not suffering irreparable harm, and that it was not likely that plaintiff would succeed on the merits of its challenge to the relevant zoning ordinance. The court said in part:

Plaintiffs also provide no support for their assertion that Rabbi Hellinger’s inability to access the Properties impairs his religious freedom, ability to act as a religious leader to others, or others’ freedoms. Defendants are not refusing to allow Rabbi Hellinger to practice his religion in any manner or gather with members of his congregation in any location other than the Properties.... Plaintiffs concede that they have been able to secure temporary alternative locations to gather to study Torah and engage in religious activities.... While Plaintiffs testified that the temporary or alternative locations do not allow for the same level of participation or consistency, the Court does not find that such imperfections show “irreparable harm.”...

Importantly, Plaintiffs have refused to engage in any sort of efforts to compromise or come to a resolution with the Borough....

The parties agree that the seminal issue for Plaintiffs’ religious discrimination claims, asserted under RLUIPA, the First Amendment, and the Equal Protection Clause, all require this Court to determine if Plaintiffs can show evidence that the Zoning Ordinance restricts their freedom of religion in some way, that Defendants’ actions were somehow motivated by animus, or that Plaintiffs were treated differently than similarly situated individuals based upon their religion.... Plaintiffs have not established any of these scenarios....

Plaintiffs can and have practiced their religion in alternative locations and may, but have not, apply for a variance to use the Properties as a school, dormitory, or house of worship.... There is no convincing evidence that Plaintiffs’ freedom of religion is legitimately burdened. Further, even if they had shown such evidence, the Zoning Ordinance is the least restrictive manner of furthering a compelling government regulatory interest in health and safety,...