German Labor Court Upholds Ban On Primary School Teacher Wearing Hijab

In 2015, Germany's Constitutional Court invalidated a blanket ban on Muslim teachers wearing the hijab (head scarf) while teaching. However it held that hijabs could be banned in individual cases where a concrete danger is posed. (See prior posting.)  Yesterday a labor court judge in Berlin upheld the city's neutrality law that prohibits all religious clothing for public school teachers, police officers and judicial employees, saying that it does not violate a teacher's constitutional right to religious freedom.  The ruling came in the case of a primary school teacher who asserted the right to wear a hijab.  Justice Arne Boyer ruled that neutrality takes precedence over free religious expression.  A court spokesman clarified the ruling, saying that while primary school children should be free of the influence that can be exerted by religious symbols, the teacher could could continue to wear her hijab while teaching older students in a public secondary school.  Deutsche Welle and PressTV report on the decision.

University of Michigan Sued Over Anti-Bias Rules

A lawsuit was filed yesterday in Michigan federal district court against the University of Michigan challenging provisions in its disciplinary code prohibiting harassment, bullying and bias-related conduct, and enforcement of these provisions by the University's Bias Response Team. The lawsuit contends that the "amorphous prohibitions" in the conde "profoundly chill free speech and open discourse." The complaint (full text) in Speech First, Inc. v. Schlissel, (ED MI, filed 5/8/2018), alleges in part:

The University’s definitions of “bias” encompass countless instances of protected speech and expression on all manner of topics. Under the plain text of these definitions, a student may be deemed to have acted with “bias” if, for example, she gives a speech sharply criticizing the Catholic Church and its adherents for not allowing  women to become priests; this student has expressed a “negative opinion” or “attitude” about a certain group of people based on their “cultural experience” of religion....

The mere existence of the BRT mechanism chills protected expression even apart from any punishments that may result at the end of the process. The University has created and promoted a system in which students can file anonymous reports of “bias” under an amorphous definition based on anything that harms their “feelings,” which will then lead a team of University officials to spring into action to investigate. Students voicing controversial or unpopular opinions, or seeking to engage in humor, satire, or parody, may credibly fear that the BRT will be summoned in response to their speech and that they will be forced to defend themselves against accusations of “bias.”

The College Fix reports on the lawsuit.

EEOC Sues Company Over Refusal To Accommodate Muslim Women Employees' Dress Requirements

The EEOC announced this week that it has filed a Title VII lawsuit against Washington-state based Aviation Port Services, a  provider of support services to airlines.  The company fired six Muslim female passenger service agents at its Boston location for violating a requirement that they wear company-provided pants or knee-length skirts at work. It refused to accommodate the women's religious obligation to wear long skirts instead.

11th Circuit: Challenge To City's Approval of Chabad Building Is Moot

In Gagliardi v. TJCV Land Trust, (11th Cir., May 7, 2018), the U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals dismissed as moot an Establishment Clause challenge to Boca Raton, Florida's zoning approval for a Chabad religious center.  Plaintiffs claimed that the city gave preferential treatment to Chabad when it amended its zoning ordinances to accommodate the Jewish organization's building plans. Because a state court had already invalidated the building project on other grounds, the federal appeals court dismissed the case, saying in part:

We have indisputable evidence that this project is over. And the complaint has offered not the slightest suggestion that a new Chabad project is in the works or being considered now by the City’s employees. As we see it, this is a textbook case for mootness. 

New Report Quantifies Anti-Semitism On Twitter

The ADL yesterday released a new report titled Quantifying Hate: A Year of Anti-Semitism on Twitter (full text).  It reports:

at least 4.2 million anti-Semitic tweets were shared or re-shared in English on Twitter over the 12-month period ending January 28, 2018. Those 4.2 million tweets were sent from an estimated three million Twitter handles.

[Thanks to Scott Mange for the lead.] 

Suit Seeks To Remove "So Help Me God" From Citizenship Oath

According to a press release yesterday from the Raelian Movement, a French national living in Massachusetts who is seeking to become a U.S. citizen has filed suit in federal district court seeking to have the phrase "So help me God" stricken from the citizenship oath.  Olga Paule Perrier-Bilbo is an atheist and says that the required oath violates her religious free exercise rights.  Perrier-Bilbo is represented by activist Michael Newdow who has filed suits in the past seeking to have mention of God removed from currency, the Pledge of Allegiance and the Presidential oath.

Kansas, Oklahoma Pass Bills Protecting Religious Beliefs of Adoption Agencies

As reported by AP, last week both the Kansas an the Oklahoma legislatures  approved bills allowing faith-based social service agencies to provide adoption services consistent with their religious beliefs. Wichita Eagle had this report on Kansas SB 284 (legislative history) (full text):

A bill that ensures faith-based adoption agencies can turn away gay and lesbian couples based on religious beliefs will be signed into law by Gov. Jeff Colyer....

The Senate approved the bill 24-15 at 1:51 a.m. Friday after the House passed it Thursday night, 63-58. The bill had been dormant for weeks before lawmakers revived and passed it in a matter of hours....

The bill doesn’t apply to organizations that contract directly with DCF [Kansas Department of Chidren and Families], allowing DCF to prohibit discrimination in placements. Agencies that refuse to place children with LGBT couples can continue to receive reimbursement from the state if they are making placements on behalf of a DCF contractor.

The Oklahoma bill, SB 1140 (legislative history) (full text) covers both adoption and foster care placement by agencies that act in accordance with their "written religious or moral convictions or policies." However agencies may not refuse any services for children in custody of the state Department of Human Services.  Gov.Mary Fallin has not said whether she will sign the bill. 

UPDATE: On May 11, Gov. Fallin signed SB 1140, but also ordered the  Department of Human Services to publish a list of Oklahoma adoption and foster agencies on its website who are willing to serve everyone who meets the Department's criteria for being a foster or adoptive parent. (Press release from Governor's office.)

Recent Articles and Books of Interest

From SSRN:

• Avishalom Westreich, Assisted Reproduction in Israel: Law, Religion, and Culture, (Brill Research Perspectives: Family law in a Global Society, 2018).
• Steven Douglas Smith, The Case of the Exemption Claimants: Religion, Conscience, and Identity, (San Diego Legal Studies Paper No. 18-345, 2018).
• Sidney Martin, Oklahoma's 'Bone-Dry' Law and the Fallacy of Legislative Accommodation Under Employment Division v. Smith, (January 12, 2017).
• Joel Harrison, Pope Francis, True Religion, and Religious Liberty, (Journal of Law and Religion, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2018).
• Joel Harrison, Sovereignty, (Nicholas Aroney and Ian Leigh (eds), Christianity and Constitutionalism (Cambridge University Press, 2018)).
• Nicholas Mignanelli, Is Satan a Transactions Attorney? An Account of Satanic Imagery in Law and Literature, (University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 18-16, 2018).
• Robert Kahn, Hate Speech, Democratic Legitimacy and the Age of Trump, (17 International and Comparative Law Review 239 (2017)).
• Kheinkor Lamarr, Jurisprudence of Minority Rights: The Changing Contours of Minority Rights, Proceedings of the 8th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences (2018)).

From SSRN (Islamic law):

• Saadiya Suleman, Muslim Personal Law and Gender Equality Concerns in India, (Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Volume 162, International Conference on Law and Justice (ICLJ 2017)).
• Reza Banakar & Keyvan Ziaee, The Life of the Law in the Islamic Republic of Iran, (Iranian Studies, Vol. 51, 2018, Forthcoming).

Recent Books:

• Kim, Davis, Under God's Authority, (Liberty Counsel, Feb. 2018).
• James Loeffler, Rooted Cosmopolitans: Jews and Human Rights in the Twentieth Century, (Yale Univ. Press, May 2018).
• Nadine Strossen, Hate: Why We Should Resist It with Free Speech, Not Censorship, (Oxford Univ. Press, May 2018).

Church Testimony To Liquor Board Did Not Violate Establishment Clause

In Clarke v. Goodson, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 74419 (MD AL, May 1, 2018), and Alabama federal magistrate judge recommended dismissing an Establishment Clause challenge to Pike County, Alabama's denial to plaintiffs of a license for the sale of beer and wine at their restaurant.  Plaintiffs contended that it was a violation of the Establishment Clause for the Alcoholic Beverage Control Board to allow officials of a nearby church to testify in opposition to granting of the license.

[T]he law is settled that the "protect[ion] of churches and schools from disruption associated with liquor serving establishments" is a valid secular purpose.... Moreover, ... the Defendants' conduct would arguably have violated the Establishment Clause, if the Defendants had refused to allow citizens to speak in opposition to the Plaintiff's application on the basis of those individuals' affiliation with the church.

Recent Prisoner Free Exercise Cases

In Warner v. Friedman, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 70564 (ND CA, April 26,2018), a California federal district court allowed a Jewish inmate to move ahead with claims of violation of a settlement agreement reached in his prior litigation regarding a kosher diet.

In Wilkins v. Macomber, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 70586 (ED CA, April 26, 2018), a California federal magistrate judge dismissed an inmate's complaint regarding access to kosher meals and Jewish religious services, but with an an opportunity to amend his complaint to clarify his allegations as to religious services.

In Long v. California, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72460 (ED CA, April 30, 2018), a California federal magistrate judge rejected a civil detainee's claim that anyone who follows Jesus Christ should be allowed to rule over the world, and his request to be released so he can do so. UPDATE: a federal magistrate udge likewise recommended dismissal of an amended complaint at 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 78495 (May 9, 2018).

In Nelson v. Hjorth, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 73825 (D NE, May 2, 2018), a Nebraska federal district court allowed a pre-trial detainee to move ahead with her complaint that she was denied access to newspaper and magazine subscriptions, but dismissed her complaint that religious and spiritual publications are banned and that inmates attending Protestant Bible study are not allowed to attend Catholic religious services.

In Rafiq v. United States, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 73771 (WD LA, April 30, 2018), a Louisiana federal magistrate judge gave a Muslim inmate 30 days to amend his complaint to cure pleading deficiencies.  The suit complains of access to clergy, religious classes, congregate worship and Ramadan observance, and of favoritism to Christianity in holiday decorations.

In Smith v. Davis, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75567 (D WV, May 4, 2018), a West Virginia federal district court adopted a magistrate's recommendation (2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75795, April 10, 2018), and dismissed a Muslim inmate's complaint that he was not served hot meals on three days during Ramadan.

In Mayo v. Cameron, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75822 (WD PA, May 2, 2018), a Pennsylvania federal magistrate judge recommended dismissing a Baptist inmate's complaint that he was not permitted to purchase a Crucifix  because it was identified as a Catholic religious article.

Trump's Faith Initiative Executive Order Has Rescinded Protections For Clients Objecting To Religious Provider

As previously reported, on May 3 President Trump signed an Executive Order on the Establishment of a White House Faith and Opportunity Initiative.  As reported by JTA, buried in that order is repeal of a previous provision that required religious social service providers using federal grant funds to refer a client to an alternative provider if the client objected to the religious character of the original provider.  That referral requirement was added in 2010 by President Obama in Executive Order 13559 which amended Executive Order 13279 (2002).  The most recent change was effected by the following language in Sec. 2(b) of President Trump's recent Executive Order:

Executive Order 13279, as amended, is further amended by striking section 2(h) and redesignating sections 2(i) and 2(j) as sections 2(h) and 2(i), respectively.

Oklahoma Legislature Passes 10 Commandments and "Stand Your Ground" In Church Laws

This week, the Oklahoma legislature sent two bills to Gov. Mary Fallin for her signature.  HB 2177 authorizes the display of the Ten Commandments and other historical documents on public property.  The bill (full text) provides in part:

Every county, municipality, city, town, school or any other political subdivision is authorized to display, in its public buildings and on its grounds, replicas of historical documents including, but not limited to, the Ten Commandments, Magna Carta, Mayflower Compact, Declaration of Independence, United States Constitution, Bill of Rights, Oklahoma Constitution and other historically significant documents in the form of statues, monuments, memorials, tablets or any other display that respects the dignity and solemnity of such documents. Such documents shall be displayed in a manner consistent with the context of other documents contained in such display.

In 2015, the Oklahoma Supreme Court held that a Ten Commandments monument on the statehouse grounds violates the Oklahoma Constitution. (See prior posting.)

The legislature also sent the Governor HB2632. The bill (full text) gives Oklahomans the same right in places of worship that they now have in homes and businesses to resist intruders by the use of deadly force. Tulsa World reports on the legislature's actions.

Russian Court Allows Seizure of Jehovah's Witness Property

Newsweek reports that a city court in St. Petersburg, Russia yesterday upheld a Sestroretskiy District Court's ruling allowing the Russian government to seize a $31.8 million Jehovah's Witness real estate complex.  The seizure comes a year after Jehovah's Witnesses were declared an extremist organization by Russia's Supreme Court. (See prior posting.)  In yesterday's ruling, the St. Petersburg court rejected the argument that the group's administrative buildings are owned by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society based in the United States.

Fair Housing Suit Filed Over Condo Rule Barring Toran

The Philadelphia Inquirer reports on a federal Fair Housing Act religious discrimination lawsuit filed on Wednesday in a Pennsylvania federal district court. Filed by a Hindu condo owner in an upscale high-rise Philadelphia building, the suit challenges a new rule adopted by the condo association which bars resident Akhilesh Tripathi from keeping a toran on his door.  The Hindu toran, made of chains, bells and balls of fabric, and blessed by a Hindu priest, has hung across his door frame since 2009.  The condo association's new rules permit certain religious symbols, particularly mezuzahs, to be attached to door frames, but does not allow Tripathi's toran.  The lawsuit seeks injunctive relief and damages.

Rulemaking Petition Seeks Changes In Eagle Feather Restrictions

Yesterday the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty announced the filing of a formal Rulemaking Petition (full text) with the Department of Interior on behalf of Native American feather dancer Robert Soto.  The petition seeks rule changes that would expand the ability of Native Americans who are not members of federally recognized tribes to use eagle feathers in their religious worship:

The Department’s regulations are so restrictive that they ban all kinds of sincere religious behavior. Today, nearly every bird species native to North America is federally protected.  So, a grandmother who bestows an eagle feather on her nonenrolled grandson to honor his college graduation turns both herself and her grandson into criminals. A Native American teenager adopted by a non-Native family breaks the law when he prays with a feather to reconnect with the spirits of his ancestors. And a member of a state-recognized tribe is subject to prosecution merely for possessing a single protected feather....

Effective reform in this area would do three things: First, it would broaden the Morton Policy to include all sincere religious believers who use federally protected feathers in their religious exercise—as both the Constitution and the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) require. Second, it would officially promulgate this policy as a formal rule rather than rely on informal guidance, ending decades of legal limbo that has had disastrous consequences for many Native Americans. Third, it would empower Native American tribes to help combat the illegal commercialization of federally protected feathers.

The petition grows out of the settlement of a suit challenging current rules. (See prior related posting.)

House Chaplain Rescinds His Resignation

CNN reports that yesterday Jesuit priest Pat Conroy rescinded his resignation as Chaplain of the U.S. House of Representatives. The resignation came initially at the request of House Speaker Paul Ryan. (See prior posting.)  A number of House members raised objections to Ryan's action, particularly when it appeared that the request was motivated in part by the desire to have a non-Catholic House Chaplain.  Ryan has accepted Conroy's decision to stay on.

White House Expresses Concern Over Religious Violence In Central African Republic

The White House Press Secretary yesterday released a statement regarding religious violence in the Central African Republic (full text), saying in part:

The United States is extremely concerned about recent attacks against civilian centers, including Tuesday’s attack on a Christian church in the Fatima neighborhood of Bangui and the retaliatory attacks on Muslim community members.  We urge Central African Republic (CAR) government officials to provide safety and security for all of its citizens, regardless of faith.  CAR’s security forces must be professional in the face of ongoing security challenges.

New York Times has coverage of the violence.

White House Marks National Day of Prayer With Executive Order On New Faith Initiative

Yesterday the White House marked National Day of Prayer with a ceremony in the Rose Garden of the White House.  Vice President Pence delivered remarks (full text) followed by a 15-minute address by President Trump (full text) in which he announced that he would be signing a new Executive Order to create a faith initiative at the White House.  Later in the day the President signed an Executive Order on the Establishment of a White House Faith and Opportunity Initiative (full text).  The Executive Order replaces President Obama's Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives with an Advisor to the White House Faith and Opportunity Initiative.  The Initiative is to:

 (iii)  make recommendations to the President... regarding changes to policies, programs, and practices that affect the delivery of services by faith-based and community organizations....

(v)    showcase innovative initiatives by faith-based and community organizations that serve and strengthen individuals, families, and communities throughout the United States;

(vi)   notify the Attorney General ... of concerns raised by faith-based and community organizations about any failures of the executive branch to comply with protections of Federal law for religious liberty.... 

(vii)  identify and propose means to reduce... burdens on the exercise of religious convictions and legislative, regulatory, and other barriers to the full and active engagement of faith-based and community organizations in Government-funded or Government-conducted activities and programs.

The White House also issued a Fact Sheet titled President Donald J. Trump Stands Up For Religious Freedom In The United States.  Washington Post reports on these developments.

Today Is National Day of Prayer

Today is National Day of Prayer.  36 USC §119 provides:

The President shall issue each year a proclamation designating the first Thursday in May as a National Day of Prayer on which the people of the United States may turn to God in prayer and meditation at churches, in groups, and as individuals.

According to the private National Day of Prayer Task Force, the theme of this year's observance is Pray for America - UNITY. The Task Force President, Dr. Ronnie Floyd, will host an observance tonight in Statuary Hall in the United States Capitol.

UPDATE: Here is President Trump’s Proclamation.

Iowa Legislature Passes Heartbeat Abortion Bill

As reported by the Washington Post, the Iowa legislature yesterday gave final passage to SF 359 (full text), one of the most restrictive abortion laws in the country. The bill has been sent to Gov. Kim Reynolds for her signature.  The bill prohibits a physician from performing an abortion if a fetal heartbeat is detectable.  Exempted from the prohibition are cases of rape or incest if they were reported to authorities withing specified time periods.  The bill also exempts abortions performed to preserve the life of the pregnant woman whose life is endangered by a physical disorder, illness, or injury, but not if endangered by life-threatening psychological, emotional or familial conditions, or the woman’s age, or "when continuation of the pregnancy will create a serious risk of substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman." The bill also prohibits receiving or transferring fetal body parts.  Gov. Reynolds has not said whether she will sign the bill into law.

UPDATE: As reported by AP, he bill was signed by the governor on May 4.