Religion Clause

Wednesday, August 26, 2015

EEOC Sues National Federation of the Blind For Refusing To Accommodate Employee's Sabbath Observance

The EEOC announced last week that it has filed suit in a Maryland federal district court against the National Federation of the Blind for religious discrimination. The EEOC summarizes the charges:

Joseph R. Massey II is a practicing Hebrew Pentecostal, a Christian denomination, and abstains from working from sunset Friday to sunset Saturday based on his sincerely-held religious beliefs. The National Federation of the Blind hired Massey for a bookkeeping position at its Baltimore office in November 2013. In January 2014, the Federation told Massey he had to work certain Saturdays. Massey explained he could not work Saturdays due to his religious faith and suggested alternatives such as working on Sundays or working late on week nights other than Fridays. EEOC charged that the Federation refused to provide any reasonable accommodation and instead fired Massey because he could not work Saturdays due to his religious beliefs.

Malaysian Federal Court Upholds Death Sentence of Gardener Who Killed Doctor For Insulting Islam

Yesterday a 5-judge panel of Malaysia's Federal Court upheld the death sentence that had been imposed on a Pakistani Muslim gardener who in 2011 beheaded a doctor for whom he was working. The murder stemmed from a conversation between the two men in which the doctor had insulted the Kaabah, the building at the center of Islam's most sacred mosque. The New Straits Times reports on the decision.

Tuesday, August 25, 2015

Bankruptcy Code's Automatic Stay Applies To Proceedings In Jewish Religious Court

In In re Congregation Birchos Yosef, (SD NY Bkrptcy, Aug. 24, 2015), a New York federal bankruptcy court held that the statutory automatic stay of proceedings against a debtor that is triggered by the filing of a petition in a bankruptcy reorganization applies to invalidate proceedings against a debtor and its principals in a Jewish religious court (beis din). In the case, a religious organization in Monsey, New York that had filed for bankruptcy reorganization, as part of the bankruptcy proceedings, instituted suit against a Jewish school, Bais Chinuch L'Bonois, asserting claims for fraud, breach of fiduciary duty and looting of the Debtor’s assets. In response, Bais Chinuch invoked a beis din which issued a hazmana or summons to individuals controlling Congregation Birchos Yosef inviting them to adjudicate their dispute in the Jewish religious court. The beis din also issued an ekul or injunction against the parties continuing to pursue the dispute through the Bankruptcy Court.

The Bankruptcy Court held that:

Bais Chinuch and the individuals’ invocation of the beis din proceeding - and the issuance of the beis din's ekul, or injunction - are actually directed at the Debtor through its principals with the intention of wresting control of the Debtor’s adversary proceeding and exerting pressure to have it dismissed.... Because of the principals’ identity of interest here with the Debtor, the automatic stay applies to protect them from the beis din.

The court went on to hold that enforcement of the automatic stay does not violate the Free Exercise or Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. It held that RFRA is not applicable, because it does not apply to the Debtor's motion, a private action between private parties. Even if applicable, application of the automatic stay survives RFRA strict scrutiny. The court added, "The automatic stay’s enforcement here does not substantially burden the objectors’ free exercise of religion, moreover, when they have invoked a rabbinical court to decide (and interfere with) an essentially commercial dispute."

Proposed Hindu Statue At Arkansas Capitol Turned Down Initially

In Arkansas, a request by the Universal Society of Hinduism to place a privately-financed statute of the Hindu god Lord Hanuman on the grounds of the state Capitol has been rejected by the Secretary of State's office. Arkansas News Bureau reported last Friday that Chief Deputy Secretary of State Kelly Boyd told the Hindu group that it is the State Capitol Arts and Grounds Commission that is responsible for approving monuments on the Capitol grounds. The Hindu group's request follows the state legislature's approval in April of a Ten Commandments monument at the Capitol. (See prior posting.) The Secretary of State's office suggested that the Hindu group seek similar legislative approval. The group says it may send its request to the governor. According to Merinews, Christian, Buddhist, Jewish, Baha'i and other faith leaders have backed the Hindu group's request. [Thanks to Scott Mange for the lead.]

Mirror of Justice Blogger Robert Araujo Posts Sad Farewell

On Sunday, Loyola University Chicago Law Professor Robert John Araujo, S.J., posted a sad farewell on Mirror of Justice to which he has contributed for ten years. Mirror of Justice is a wonderful blog dedicated to the development of Catholic legal theory, and Prof. Araujo's posts have been an important part of the blog's contribution to thinking about law and religion. Prof. Araujo writes that he is now in palliative/hospice care while finishing his final scholarly project -- a book on the Declaration on Religious Liberty and its relevance to the law. We all salute Prof Araujo for his scholarly contributions on Papal diplomacy, religious liberty and Catholic social thought. Even more so, we salute him for the courageous example he has set in facing impossibly difficult health care decisions.

Judge Preventing Church Leader From Obtaining Unusual Name Change

According to the Rome News-Tribune, in Rome, Georgia an 81-year old resident whose current name apparently is "Serpentfoot" is petitioning a Floyd County (GA) court to change her name to:

Nofoot Allfoot-69-mouth-tail-solids-liquids-gases-animal-vegetable-mineral-going-over-under-around-and-through-Our-Greater-Self-our-habitat-the-cosmos-of-which-we-are-but-part-and-where-all-life-feeds-upon-other-life-from-the-smallest-bacteria-to-the-great-black-holes-and-dog-eat-dog-and-last-suppers-where-we-are-what-we-eat-or-consume-and-each-lives-on-in-the-other … ∞ Serpentfoot.

Serpentfoot who is the leader of her own church, "Our Greater Self Co-op," says that the name change will further her ministry. The court however apparently turned down the request in on Aug. 6 when Serpentfoot was a few minutes late for her 8:30 am hearing. She has now filed a petition asking the judge to reconsider his ruling or else recuse himself. This is the latest in a series of requests by Serpentfoot to change her name. Her last request was denied in May by the court when she could not remember her proposed name.

Monday, August 24, 2015

Haredi Rabbis Urge Reporting of Child Abuse To Secular Authorities

Countering what has sometimes been a reluctance in the haredi (ultra-Orthodox) Jewish community to report suspected child abuse to civil authorities, over 100 prominent haredi rabbis and educators from across the United States have signed a public pronouncement calling for prompt notification to law enforcement. The statement (full text in report from Arutz Sheva) says in part;

We, the undersigned, affirm that any individual with firsthand knowledge or reasonable basis to suspect child abuse has a religious obligation to promptly notify the secular law enforcement of that information. These individuals have the experience, expertise and training to thoroughly and responsibly investigate the matter. Furthermore, those deemed “mandated reporters” under secular law must obey their State’s reporting requirements.

Many more rabbis are expected to sign the statement in coming weeks. (See prior related posting.)

School District Drops Band's Planned Half-Time Show Fearing It Violates Consent Decree

Having been held in contempt last month for violating a 2013 consent decree in which it was ordered to comply with a newly adopted policy on Religion in Public Schools (see prior posting), the Rankin County, Mississippi School Board last week told the Brandon High School band that it could not perform its planned half-time show at the season's opening football game. According to yesterday's Christian News, the band had planned to perform "How Great Thou Art" during half-time. While the song was selected last February with administrative support, the school district more recently said it would risk heavy fines if it were performed and would be required to terminate the employment of anyone connected with the performance. At last Friday's game, while the band did not perform, dozens of parents and students began singing the song from the stands.

Suit Threatened Against Catholic Hospital For Refusing Sterilization Procedure

The San Francisco Chronicle reported yesterday that the ACLU is threatening to sue a Catholic hospital in Redding, California because it refuses to perform sterilization procedures. Rachel Miller who is scheduled to have her second child in late September wants a tubal ligation performed at the same time. Her Catholic hospital in Redding, California-- owned by Dignity Health-- refuses to permit the procedure under its Ethical and Religious Directives. Miller would have to travel 160 miles to find a hospital that will take her insurance and perform the procedure. California law permits Catholic hospitals to refuse to perform abortions, but not other pregnancy-related procedures. The ACLU contends that the hospital's refusal amounts to sex discrimination and violates California's ban on the corporate practice of medicine by allowing a corporate entity's religious beliefs to override a doctor's medical decision.

UPDATE: CBS San Francisco reported on Aug. 25 that Mercy Medical Center has now approved the tubal ligation procedure for Rachel Miller.

Sunday, August 23, 2015

Recent Prisoner Free Exercise Cases

In Mitchell v. Daniels, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 108599 (MD AL, Aug. 18, 2015), an Alabama federal district court adopted a magistrate's recommendation and dismissed an inmate's complaint about inadequate security to prevent desecration of the Native American ceremonial grounds.

In Green v. Fox, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 109131 (CD CA, Aug. 17, 2015), a California federal district court dismissed without prejudice an inmate's habeas corpus petition seeking release so he could obtain medical treatment from a Christian Science practitioner that he was denied in prison.

In Avery v. Paramo, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 109127 (SD CA, Aug. 18, 2015), a California federal district court dismissed a Pagan-Wiccan inmate's retaliation claim, but permitted him to proceed with his complaint regarding refusal to accommodate Pagan/ Wiccan/ Asatru practices by providing a fence perimeter, fire pit, water line, and herb cultivation, and by providing him a monthly supply of honey, nuts, dried fruit, trail mix and non-yeast crackers.

In Allah v. Christburg, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 108590 (MD AL, Aug. 18, 2015), an Alabama federal district court adopted a magistrate's recommendation (2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 109611, July 27, 2015), and dismissed a complaint by an inmate who complained that he was not permitted to observe Ramadan, participate in Muslim prayer services or receive a Qur'an, prayer rug or Islamic literature. The inmate had failed to specify his religious affiliation when he was booked into the facility.

In Hosey-Bey v. Williams, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 109363 (MD AL, Aug. 19, 2015), an Alabama federal district court adopted a magistrate's recommendation (2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 110146, July 30, 2015) and dismissed an inmate's complaint that defendant ordered the Sunday school service of the Moorish Science Temple of America closed down after only 10 to 13 minutes because of a shortage of officers for security for the chapel.

In Hoeck v. Miklich, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 110921 (D CO, Aug. 20, 2015), a Colorado federal district court denied injunctive relief to an inmate who complained that he was not permitted to observe the holy days and diet of his Biblical Christian faith.

In Shabazz v. Cruzen, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 111210 (ND CA, Aug. 21, 2015) and Fadan v. Cruzen, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 111213 (ND CA, Aug. 21, 2015), a California federal district court permitted inmates to move ahead with their complaint that correctional officers would not allow Muslim inmates to pray in groups larger than four, despite a contrary ruling by the Religious Review Committee.

Church May Continue With Its RLUIPA and State RFRA Claims

In Church of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ v. City of Markham, Illinois, (ND IL, Aug. 19, 2015), plaintiff claimed that after it had operated in the same location for ten years without issue, it received a summons telling it to close on safety grounds because it had not received a conditional use permit. An Illinois federal district court allowed plaintiff to proceed with its "substantial burden" claims under RLUIPA and Illinois' RFRA, but dismissed its discrimination claim. It also allowed plaintiff to move ahead with its claim under the state constitution that the city's refusal to amend its zoning ordinance was arbitrary and capricious.

Obergefell Will Be Applied Retroactively To Social Security Claims

42 USC Sec. 416(h)(1)(A)(i) provides that whether a person is the spouse of another for Social Security purposes depends on the law of their state of domicile. Until now this has led the Social Security Administration to deny benefits to same-sex spouses who moved to or lived in a state which did not recognize their marriage. However, in an Aug. 20 press release, Lambda Legal reported:

Today, in a status conference with Lambda Legal in federal court in Chicago, the Department of Justice announced that the Social Security Administration (SSA) will apply the U.S. Supreme Court's recent landmark marriage ruling retroactively and process pending spousal benefits claims for same-sex couples who lived in states that did not previously recognize their marriages. According to the Department of Justice, the new policy will apply to previously filed claims still pending in the administrative process or litigation.

Muslim Leaders Issue Declaration On Global Climate Change

As reported by the Washington Post, last week Muslim leaders and scholars from 20 countries issued an Islamic Declaration on Global Climate Change. Issued in anticipation of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol taking place in Paris this December, 2015, it urges well-off nations and oil-producing states to lead the way in phasing out greenhouse gas emissions. It calls on governments and business to commit themselves to 100 % renewable energy and/or a zero emissions strategy as early as possible.

10th Circuit Grants Stay In Contraceptive Mandate Case Pending Supreme Court Action On Cert.

As previously reported, in July a petition for certiorari was filed with the Supreme Court in Little Sisters of the Poor Home for the Aged v. Burwelll. In the case, the 10th Circuit upheld the Obama Administration's Affordable Care Act accommodation for religious non-profits that object to furnishing contraceptive coverage. On Friday, the 10th Circuit issued an order (full text) staying issuance of its mandate until the Supreme Court's either denies review or decides the case. Becket Fund issued a press release on the 10th Circuit's action.

Friday, August 21, 2015

6th Circuit Again Upholds ACA Accommodation For Religious Non-Profits

The U.S 6th Circuit Court of Appeals today, deciding a case that had been remanded to it (see prior posting) by the Supreme Court after that Court's Hobby Lobby decision, reaffirmed its earlier decision upholding against a RFRA challenge the Obama administration's Affordable Care Act accommodation for religious non-profits that object to furnishing their employees insurance coverage for contraceptives. In Michigan Catholic Conference v. Burwell, (6th Cir., Aug. 21, 2015), the 6th Circuit said in part:

Despite our attempts to describe how the accommodation actually works, it is perhaps inevitable that some Plaintiffs will still believe that they are morally complicit in sin, by being a part of a system that provides access to contraceptives.... However, it is not our role to determine a party’s moral complicity; we do not question here Plaintiffs’ “desire not to participate in the provision of contraception.” ... Our role is a more limited one: to determine whether, as a legal matter, the regulation represents a substantial burden to Plaintiffs’ rights under RFRA. That requires us to determine how the law works and what it asks of various actors. On this point, as we held before, “[t]he government’s imposition of an independent obligation on a third party does not impose a substantial burden on the appellants’exercise of religion.”

[Thanks to How Appealing for the lead.]

Illinois Becomes 4th State To Ban Gay Conversion Therapy For Minors

As reported by the Huffington Post, yesterday Illinois became the fourth state to ban gay conversion therapy for minors. Governor Bruce Rauner signed HB 217 (full text), the Youth Mental Health Protection Act which prohibits any mental health provider from engaging in sexual orientation change efforts with a person under the age of 18. The new law also broadly prohibits misleading advertising of conversion therapy:

No person or entity may, in the conduct of any trade or commerce, use or employ any deception, fraud, false pretense, false promise, misrepresentation, or the concealment, suppression, or omission of any material fact in advertising or otherwise offering conversion therapy services in a manner that represents homosexuality as a mental disease, disorder, or illness, with intent that others rely upon the concealment, suppression, or omission of such material fact. A violation of this Section constitutes an unlawful practice under the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act.

The new law, which becomes effective Jan. 1, 2016, includes extensive legislative findings supporting the therapy ban.

Illinois Statute Expands Permissible Student Prayer

Yesterday Illinois Governor Bruce Rauner signed HB 165 (full text) amending the Silent Reflection and Student Prayer Act to permit students during non-instructional time before or after school to engage not only in individually initiated prayer, but also "collectively initiated, non-disruptive prayer or religious-based meetings, including without limitation prayer groups, B I B L E (Basic Instruction Before Leaving Earth) clubs, or "meet at the flagpole for prayer" days," However these may not be "sponsored, promoted or endorsed in any manner by the school or any school employee."

Court Says Sale of Boston Church Was Invalid

In First Bostonview Management, LLC v. Bostonview Corp., (MA App., Aug. 19, 2015), the Massachusetts Appeals Court held the purported sale of the property of Boston's Swedenborgian Church on the Hill invalid. The court said in part:

[T]he sale of substantially all of the Bostonview church property (consisting of a church sanctuary, a parish meeting hall, a large apartment complex, offices, and parking spaces on prime land on Beacon Hill near the Massachusetts State House) was indisputably an "extraordinary transaction," and, if completed to the end would have stripped Bostonview of the very essence of its existence as a charitable corporation.... We conclude that the authority to make such a divesting asset/property sale contract ... was beyond the power of the charitable corporate board to delegate to two of its officers. The contract was void. The "shady" nature of the underlying prenegotiations to sell the church's very valuable (but sole) asset for $30 million -- including combined cash payments of close to $100,000 to two of the executive officers, and the purchase of the $94,000 luxury car for the church secretary -- only serves to demonstrate why restrictions on "extraordinary transactions" must be closely scrutinized by the charity's corporate board.

The court also held that: "subsequent approval or other conduct by the board of directors of a charitable corporation will not substitute for prior specific authorization to commit the charity to an extraordinary transaction."

Boston Business Journal gives additional background:

The case centered on developer Michael Perry’s 2004 agreement to pay $30 million to purchase the property.... Perry struck the agreement with Thomas J. Kennedy and Edward J. MacKenzie Jr., who were then officials at Bostonview Corp., the charitable organization that conducted business on behalf of the Swedenborgian church. MacKenzie, who has claimed he was an enforcer for incarcerated mobster Whitey Bulger, was later sentenced to 12 years in prison for allegedly stealing millions from the church.

130 Organizations Urge Obama To Rescind 2007 Justice Department Interpretation of RFRA

Yesterday a coalition of 130 religious, civil rights and advocacy organizations sent a letter (full text) to the President urging that the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel reconsider a 2007 Memorandum interpreting the interaction of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act with non-discrimination provisions in federal grant programs. The letter reads in part:

[T]he OLC Memo relies on flawed legal analysis and wrongly asserts that RFRA is “reasonably construed to require” a federal agency to categorically exempt a religiously affiliated organization from a grant program’s explicit statutory nondiscrimination provision, thus permitting the grantee to discriminate in hiring with taxpayer funds without regard to the government’s compelling interest in prohibiting such discrimination....

...[S]ome have cited the OLC Memo in arguing that RFRA should broadly exempt religiously affiliated contractors from the nondiscrimination requirements in Executive Order 11246, including those you added just last year that bar government contractors from discriminating against LGBT workers. And, some are trying to extend its reach beyond the context of hiring: Several grantees and contractors have cited the OLC Memo to support their arguments that the government should create a blanket exemption that would allow them to refuse to provide services or referrals required under those funding agreements, specifically in the context of medical care for unaccompanied immigrant children who have suffered sexual abuse.

ADL and Americans United each issued its own press release on the letter.

Thursday, August 20, 2015

Texas Supreme Court Rules On Houston Equal Rights Referendum Ballot Language

In yet another ruling on the referendum calling for the repeal of Houston, Texas' controversial Equal Rights Ordinance, the Texas Supreme Court yesterday in In re Williams and Woodfill, (TX Sup. Ct., Aug. 19, 2015), ruled on proper ballot language. It held that the vote must be on whether or not to approve the Ordinance, not on whether or not to approve its repeal. The Court also held that the city did not abuse its discretion by referring in the ballot language to the "Houston Equal Rights Ordinance." Houston Chronicle reports on the decision. (See prior related posting.)

Report Criticizes Collegiate Football Chaplaincy Programs

On Monday, the Freedom From Religion Foundation released a report titled Pray to Play: Christian Coaches and Chaplains Are Converting Football Fields Into Mission Fields. According to the Report:

Public universities and their employees cannot endorse, promote, or favor religion. Yet, many football coaches at public universities bring in chaplains—often from their own church or even members of their own family—to prey on and pray with students, with no regard for the rights of those students or the Constitution. These coaches are converting playing fields into mission fields and public universities are doing nothing to halt this breach of trust. They are failing their student athletes.

FFRF sent copies of the Report, which includes a Model Policy On Religion In Athletics, to 15 schools that appear to have the most problematic chaplaincies.

Slovakia Will Reject Muslim Migrants In EU Redistribution Plan

Last month, the European Union ministers agreed to a plan to redistribute some 32,000 of the 150,000 migrants from war-torn Syria, Iraq, Eritrea and Somalia that have found their way across the Mediterranean to Greece and Italy. As reported by TRT World, the EU hopes to reach agreement by the end of the year on redistribution of an additional 8,000. Meanwhile, The Telegraph reported yesterday that while Slovakia has agreed to accept 200 of the migrants, it says it will not accept any Muslims. An Interior Ministry spokesman said:

[W]e don't have any mosques in Slovakia so how can Muslims be integrated if they are not going to like it here?

EU sources say that while it would be legal to prioritize Christians because they are at extra risk of persecution, rejecting Muslims would be impermissible discrimination. But the Slovakian government says it plans to ask arriving migrants their religion.

Wednesday, August 19, 2015

7th Circuit: Rule Preventing Former Prison Employee From Marrying Inmate Is Unconstituitonal

In Riker v. Lemmon. (7th Cir., Aug. 14, 2015), the U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals held that prison authorities had failed to adequately justify their refusal to allow Rebecca Riker, a former food services employee at an Indiana prison, a one-time visit in order to marry inmate Paul Vest who is serving a 50-year sentence for robbery. Riker met Vest when she was employed at the prison and Vest worked as a prisoner under her supervision. Riker left her job when it was discovered that she had a romantic relationship with Vest, which included sexual intercourse in a walk-in cooler at the facility. Relying in part on the U.S. Supreme Court's 1987 decision in Turner v. Safley, the 7th Circuit said in part:

The right to marry includes the right to select one’s spouse. See Obergefell, 135 S. Ct. at 2599 (noting “that the right to personal choice regarding marriage is inherent in the concept of individual autonomy” and that there is dignity in individuals’ “autonomy to make such profound choices”). The proper inquiry, therefore, is whether Ms. Riker was prohibited from marrying the spouse of her choosing. Because Ms. Riker has not been left with any alternative means of exercising her right to marry Vest, it is clear that the burden on that right was not minimal. ...

The Department also submits that the prohibition of Ms. Riker’s marriage is necessary to serve as a deterrent to current employees. It submits that “[t]he policy communicates to IDOC employees that if they begin an inappropriate relationship with an offender while working at an IDOC facility, they will not only be held accountable but also will be prevented from seeing the inmate for as long as he or she is incarcerated.” The Department has not provided any evidence, however, to support its contention that prohibiting Ms. Riker’s marriage acts as a deterrent or that such deterrence is necessary.

National Law Journal reports on the decision.

Court Decrees Final Injunction Terms For Monitoring Florida Prison Kosher Meal Policy

As previously reported, in April the U.S. Department of Justice won its long-running lawsuit against the state of Florida over its prisons' kosher meal policy. Last week in United States of America v. Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections, (SD FL, Aug. 12, 2015), the court settled on the final language for the injunction it issued by separate order. The parties agreed on the language on accountability and monitoring, but disagreed on the extent the Justice Department would have access to inspect prisons for compliance. The court largely accepted the Justice Department's proposed language, and gave the federal government access to personnel, prisoners and food facilities so it can monitor compliance. NorthEscambia.com reports on the court's order.

8th Circuit: Preacher's Free Speech Rights Not Infringed By State Fair Rules On Where He Can Stand

In Powell v. Noble, (8th Cir., Aug. 14, 2015), the U.S. 8th Circuit Court of Appeals agreed with the federal district court that a Christian preacher's free expression rights were not infringed when he was barred from delivering his religious message just outside the paid admission area at the Iowa State Fair. The court said in part:

The fair’s rule prohibiting impeding the flow of people in and out of the fairgrounds addresses the need to limit congestion and disruption and to facilitate safe and efficient access to the fair.... Powell retains alternative channels of communication on the fairgrounds.... While these alternatives may not be Powell’s first choice, “‘[t]he First Amendment does not demand unrestricted access to a nonpublic forum merely because use of that forum may be the most efficient means of delivering the speaker’s message.’” .... We also conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in holding Powell is unlikely to succeed in showing the rule against bringing signs attached to poles and sticks to the fair is unreasonable....The state has a valid interest in protecting the safety of fairgoers... Neither are we persuaded by Powell’s argument that the rule is arbitrary because the fair allows mounted poles to support tents and flags and small sticks for the fair’s many food-on-a-stick offerings.

The court however remanded the case to the district court for it to consider whether the State Fair's unwritten rules on access to the fairgrounds are overly vague in violation of the due process clause. The Des Moines Register reports on the decision.

Tuesday, August 18, 2015

Comedian Takes On Televangelists Preaching Prosperity Gospel

Comedian John Oliver, host of the HBO late-night show "Last Week Tonight," has gained widespread attention for his Aug. 16 episode (YouTube video of episode) that took on televangelists who preach the Prosperity Gospel. As reported by the Wall Street Journal, to illustrate the ease of creating a religious organization that can solicit tax-exempt contributions, Oliver filed paperwork to create his own church, Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption. The humorous 20-minute episode argues that some broadcast ministries exploit those who can least afford to donate.

Kentucky Clerk, Continuing Fight Against Issuing Marriage Licenses To Same-Sex Couples, Gets Short Reprieve

Rowan County, Kentucky Clerk Kim Davis is continuing her battle to obtain a religious exemption from the requirement that her office issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. As previously reported, last week a federal district court issued a preliminary injunction requiring her to end her resistance, at least as to the two same-sex couples suing her. Davis' office has been refusing to issue marriage licences to anyone. Yesterday in Miller v. Davis, (ED KY, Aug. 17, 2015), the district court refused to stay its injunction while an appeal to the 6th Circuit plays out. The court found that Davis is not likely to succeed on the merits in the appeal nor is she likely to suffer irreparable harm without a stay. However the court did grant a shorter stay. The court said "realizing that emotions are running high on both sides of the debate," it would grant a stay while Davis appeals the denial of a longer stay during the appeal.

The Lexington Herald-Leader reports on these developments and reactions to them:

"Here in Morehead, we have a fairness ordinance (protecting the civil rights of gays and lesbians) that our city council passed unanimously in 2013," said Mary Hargis, a retired state worker holding a sign that read "Obey the law."

"So to have a county official on her own turn around and negate all that progress by making us look like backward, inbred hillbillies, she's just reinforcing all the stereotypes people had about us...

[Thanks to Tom Rutledge for the lead.]

UPDATE: On Aug. 19, the district court, saying the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure require it to set an expiration date, issued an order (full text) providing that the stay it issued two days earlier will expire on Aug. 31 unless the 6th Circuit orders something else.

Monday, August 17, 2015

Today Is 100th Anniversary of Anti-Semitic Leo Frank Lynching

The Forward reminds us that today is the 100th anniversary of the anti-Semitic lynching of Leo Frank:

Frank was the superintendent of the National Pencil Factory in Atlanta in 1913 when Mary Phagan, a 13-year-old white employee, was murdered. Frank, 29, was an interloper in Georgia: a northerner and a Jew. The police quickly seized on him as a suspect. His trial, conducted in an atmosphere of rampant anti-Semitism and anti-Northern sentiment, led to his conviction and sentencing to death in the summer of 1913....

During his confinement, Frank’s advocates cast enough doubt on his conviction that Georgia’s governor commuted his sentence to life in prison, in June 1915.

It was a wildly unpopular decision in Georgia and not enough to save Frank’s life. He was moved to a rural prison 100 miles away in Milledgeville where, within a matter of weeks, an inmate slit Frank’s throat.

Frank survived the attack. But on the night of August 16, a lynch mob. organized by the leaders of Cobb County where Phagan’s family lived, stormed the prison. They bundled Frank into a car and drove him 150 miles to their county seat of Marietta, where they lynched him at dawn.

For anyone interested in an excellent and exhaustive history of the case, I recommend Steve Oney, And the Dead Shall Rise, (Vintage Books, 2003).

Sunday, August 16, 2015

Recent Prisoner Free Exercise Cases

In Ahmorae v. Davidson County Sheriff's Office, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 105329 (MD TN, Aug. 11, 2015), a Tennessee federal district court dismissed a Muslim inmate's complaint that on one occasion during Ramadan he was not served dinner.

In Sousa v. Wegman, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 105420 (ED CA, Aug. 11, 2015), a California federal district court adopted a magistrate's recommendation (2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 85208, June 29, 2015) and allowed an inmate to move ahead with his complaint that he was repeatedly denied attendance at religious services, holiday celebrations, use of the sweat lodge, and formal recognition for his Mexican Indian faith. UPDATE: The court issued a corrected order on Aug. 13 (2015 U.S. Dist. Lexis 107582).

In Pelayo v. Hernandez, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 105521 (ED CA, Aug. 11, 2015), a California federal district court dismissed a Christian inmate's complaint that he was not allowed to bring his pocket Bible with him into the dining hall.

In Jaquez v. Birch, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 105818 (ND OK, Aug. 12, 2015), an Oklahoma federal district court dismissed an inmate's complaint that he had not been able to see or talk with the jail chaplain.

In Frazier v. Cooper, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 106707 (WD PA, Aug. 13, 2015), a Pennsylvania federal magistrate judge dismissed for failure to exhaust administrative remedies a complaint by an inmate who is a member of the Moorish Science Temple of America that his religious practice was being limited.

In Saif'Ullah v. Cruzen, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 107490 and in Mohammad-Bey v. Cruzen, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 107510 (ND CA, Aug. 13, 2015), a California federal district court permitted inmates to move ahead with their complaint that correctional officers would not allow Muslim inmates to pray in groups larger than four, despite a contrary ruling by the Religious Review Committee.

Investigative Team Appointed To Study East Ramapo NY Schools

According to the New York Times, last Thursday the New York State Education Department appointed a team of three experts led by former New York City School Chancellor Dennis Walcott to study the operations of the struggling East Ramapo school system and offer recommendations. The Times reports:

Last fall, a former federal prosecutor appointed by the state to investigate the district found that the school board, which is dominated by Orthodox Jews, had diverted money from public schools to children who attend local yeshivas, leaving the district in dire financial trouble. The former prosecutor, Henry M. Greenberg, recommended that the state appoint a fiscal monitor with the power to override decisions by the school board. The State Assembly passed a bill in June that would have created such a position, but amid complaints from the East Ramapo school board that it would usurp local control of schools, the bill died in the State Senate.

Mr. Walcott and his team will not have the power to override decisions by the school board. But the state education commissioner, MaryEllen Elia, said in an interview that the department had been in discussions with the school board, and that she hoped the board would be amenable to the experts’ recommendations.

(See prior related posting.)

Saturday, August 15, 2015

DC Circuit: Allocation of Royalties To Religious Broadcasters Was Arbitrary and Capricious

Settling Devotional Claimants v. Copyright Royalty Board, (DC Cir., Aug. 14, 2015), is a suit involving a dispute among television ministries on how to divide among themselves the royalties paid by cable operators for re-transmission of the ministries’ television broadcasts for the years 2000-2003. Under federal law, cable operators can retransmit programs initially aired on a broadcast station without further permission, but must deposit a royalty amount set by statute. Each year the Copyright Royalty Judges determine how the royalties should be distributed. In an earlier phase of the proceedings the Judges determined the the total amount that should be allocated to devotional-religious programs. This phase of the proceedings involved the distribution of that amount among two competing groups-- a group of 23 ministries whose copyright broadcasts were distributed (the Settling Devotional Claimants) and a second group (Independent Producers Group) that claimed to represent 7 other ministries, but was held by the Royalty Judges to properly represent only four others. The Royalty Judges rejected the methodologies urged by both parties and instead used its own approach to allocate the royalties between the two groups. The Court of Appeals held that the Royalty Judges' allocations were arbitrary and capricious, saying in part:

[The Devotional Claimants] argue that, after the Royalty Judges ... simply split the difference between the two parties, and that decision was arbitrary and capricious and unsupported by substantial evidence. We agree with the Devotional Claimants..... King Solomon was not subject to the Administrative Procedure Act; the Royalty Judges are.

Friday, August 14, 2015

DC Circuit Rejects Establishment Clause Challenge To ACA Religious Conscience Exemption

In Cutler v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, DC Cir., Aug. 14, 2015), the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit rejected an Establishment Clause challenge to the religious conscience exemption in the Affordable Care Act. The ACA exempts from the individual mandate members of traditional religious groups such as the Amish and Mennonites who are conscientiously opposed to acceptance of health benefits and whose sect makes provision for their dependent members. Plaintiff Jeffrey Cutler objected for personal, not religious, reasons to purchasing insurance that complies with ACA requirements. The court said in part:

The religious exemption in the Affordable Care Act, like its counterpart in the Social Security Act, accommodates religion by exempting all believers whose faith system provides an established, alternative support network that ensures individuals will not later seek to avail themselves of the federal benefits for which they did not contribute. Cutler is correct that the Affordable Care Act withholds a similar exemption for non-believers. But the Supreme Court has repeatedly held that “the government may accommodate religious practices without violating the Establishment Clause....

Suit Says Florida Will Not Issue Correct Birth Certificates To Married Lesbian Couples

A lawsuit was filed in federal district court in Florida yesterday challenging the birth certificate policy of Florida's Bureau of Vital Statistics. The complaint (full text) in Chin v. Armstrong, (ND FL, Aug. 13, 2015), alleges:

When a child is born to a woman who is married to another woman ... the Bureau ... will not issue accurate birth certificates listing both parents.... Instead, the Bureau will issue only a certificate that falsely indicates that the child has only one parent and that omits the mother’s spouse as the child’s second parent.

The suit contends that this infringes plaintiffs' fundamental right to marry as well as denying them equal protection of the laws. Equality Florida Action issued a press release on the filing of the lawsuit.

Kentucky Clerk Continues To Refuse To Issue Marriage Licenses, Despite Injunction

Continuing to maintain her religious objections to issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, Rowan County, Kentucky Clerk Kim Davis yesterday filed with the federal district court a motion (full text) to stay the court's Aug. 12 preliminary injunction pending appeal. (See prior posting.) Meanwhile, as reported by AP, Davis' office continued to refuse to issue marriage licenses. Staff said Davis was on vacation, and others in the office also authorized to issue licenses refused to do so. The staff handed one couple a Post-it note with the phone number of Davis' lawyers, Liberty Counsel. Attorneys for plaintiffs in the case are considering asking the court to hold Davis in contempt.

Court Upholds Order Against Bakery that Refused Wedding Cake For Same-Sex Couple

In Craig v. Masterpiece Cakeshop, Inc., (CO App., Aug. 13, 2015). a Colorado appellate court, in a 64-page opinion, affirmed the decision of the Colorado Civil Rights Commission (see prior posting) that a bakery's refusal to create a wedding cake for a same-sex couple violates Colorado's public accommodation law, and that the Commission's cease and desist order does not infringe the bakery owner's free exercise or free speech rights. The court rejected the bakery's claim that its refusal to create the cake was "because of" its opposition to same-sex marriage, not because of its opposition to plaintiffs' sexual orientation. It held that because same-sex marriage is entered into only (or predominately) by gays, lesbians and bisexuals, the conduct cannot be divorced from status.

The court rejected defendants' argument that requiring them to create the wedding cake would amount to unconstitutionally compelled speech:

such conduct, even if compelled by the government, is not sufficiently expressive to warrant First Amendment protections.

Finally the court concluded that the cease and desist order did not violate the Christian owner's free exercise rights under the state and federal constitutions because the Colorado Law Against Discrimination is a neutral law of general applicability. Colorado Springs Gazette reports on the decision.

Thursday, August 13, 2015

In Israel, Knesset Committee Rejects Agriculture Ministry Rules On Kapparot Ritual

Jerusalem Post reports today that in Israel, the Knesset's Economic Affairs Committee has rejected rules issued by the Agriculture Ministry to strictly regulate the controversial pre-Yom Kippur ceremony of kapparot. The ceremony involves the slaughter of a chicken after it is first lifted oven one's head as a way of symbolically shedding one's sins. The Agriculture Ministry rules required strict limits and inspections to insure that the birds do not suffer. However the Knesset Committee's chairman said the rules were overly stringent and would have effectively prevented the practice. During committee hearings on the rules yesterday, a Knesset member from the United Torah Judaism Party threatened that his party would topple the coalition government if the regulations were upheld.

Guam Legislature Passes Marriage Equality and LGBT Employment Discrimination Laws

Pacific Daily News reports that the Guam legislature yesterday passed the Guam Marriage Equality Act (full text), aligning the U.S. Territory's laws with the a district court's decision in June specifically striking down Guam's same-sex marriage ban. (See prior posting.)

The legislature this week also passed the Guam Employment Nondiscrimination Act of 2015 (full text), adding bans on employment discrimination based on gender identity or expression; sexual orientation; and veteran or military status. The law includes an exemption for religious and educational institutions that are exempt from the religious discrimination provisions of Title VII of the 1964 federal Civil Rights Act. HRC Blog has more on the new law.

Court Says Kentucky Clerk Cannot Refuse To Issue Marriage Licences

In Miller v. Davis, (ED KY, Aug. 12, 2015), a Kentucky federal district court granted a preliminary injunction barring Rowan County, Kentucky Clerk Kim Davis from continuing her policy of refusing to issue all marriage licenses because of her religious objections to issuing licences to same-sex couples. The injunction enjoins Davis from applying the policy to future marriage license requests submitted by plaintiffs in the case.

Rejecting free exercise, free speech, religious test and Kentucky Religious Freedom Act arguments, the court held:

Davis remains free to practice her Apostolic Christian beliefs. She may continue to attend church twice a week, participate in Bible Study and minister to female inmates at the Rowan County Jail. She is even free to believe that marriage is a union between one man and one woman, as many Americans do. However, her religious convictions cannot excuse her from performing the duties that she took an oath to perform as Rowan County Clerk.

The Kentucky ACLU issued a press release announcing the decision. AP reports on the decisionl Davis immediately filed a Notice of Appeal (full text). [Thanks to Tom Rutledge for the lead.]

Wednesday, August 12, 2015

Kansas Federal District Court Implements Obergefell Holding

Even though the U.S. Supreme Court decided in the Obergefell case that same-sex marriages must be recognized, lower courts still need to tie up loose to make the ruling effective nationwide. In Marie v. Mosier, (D. KA, Aug. 10, 2015), a Kansas federal district court issued a declaratory judgment that Kansas’ same-sex marriage laws (and related policies) violate the Constitution and thus are void. However in light of claims by Kansas officials that the state is voluntarily complying with the Obergefell holding, the court delayed issuing a permanent injunction to determine whether the issue is moot, saying:

In the Court’s view, the prudent course of action is to let defendants finish updating their policies and practices to conform to Obergefell’s new rule of constitutional law. The Court thus defers, for now, the portion of plaintiffs’ summary judgment motion seeking injunctive relief. Should subsequent events reveal that the Court’s hopefulness about Kansas officials’ pledge to comply with Obergefell is misplaced, plaintiffs may supplement their motion for summary judgment on their claims for injunctive relief...

SCOTUSblog discusses the opinion.

Canadian Court Says Aboriginal Religious Freedom Not Infringed By Approval of Ski Resort

In Ktunaxa Nation Council v. Minister of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, (BC Ct. App., Aug. 6, 2015), the Court of Appeal for the Canadian province of British Columbia held that the provincial government did not infringe the religious freedom of the aboriginal Ktunaxa Nation when it granted Glacier Resorts, Ltd. the right to build a year-round ski resort in the Jumbo Valley region of southeastern British Columbia’s Purcell Mountains. A number of accommodations in the plans were made to accommodate the Ktunaxa. However, according to the Ktunaxa:

the proposed resort lies at the heart of a sacred area of paramount spiritual importance within their claimed traditional territory, as it is the Grizzly Bear Spirit’s home. They claimed that if the development of the resort was permitted, the Spirit would leave, and they would no longer be able to receive physical or spiritual assistance and guidance from the Spirit, which would have a profound negative impact on their identity and culture.

The court held that Sec. 2(a) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms that protects freedom of conscience and religion

does not apply to protect the vitality of religious communities where the vitality of the community is predicated on the assertion by a religious group that, to preserve the communal dimension of its religious beliefs, others are required to act or refrain from acting and behave in a manner consistent with a belief that they do not share.

The Townsman reports on the decision.

Challenge To A.A. Requirerment In Probationary Massage License Survives Motion To Dismiss

In Sundquist v. State of Nebraska, (D NE, Aug. 10, 2015), plaintiff Marvin Sundquist who held a probationary license to practice massage therapy in Nebraska challenged the constitutionality of a requirement that he attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings in order to keep his probationary license. He claimed religious objections to AA which has substantial religious components in it. His licensing probation compliance monitor refused his proposed secular alternative. A Nebraska federal district court held:

In sum, the Court finds that Sundquist has alleged a plausible claim under the Establishment Clause, and that defendants Vierk and Schuldt are not entitled to qualified immunity. It remains to be seen, of course, whether Sundquist can actually prove his claim and prove that he suffered actual damages—but he should have the opportunity to do so.

Tuesday, August 11, 2015

Indian Court Bars Jain Practice of Santhara As Suicide

In India, the Rajasthan High Court, acting on a public interest petition, held that Santhara, a traditional Jain practice of starving oneself to death to attain salvation (background), is suicide under the Indian Penal Code. Thus Sec. 306 outlawing abeting of suicide and Section 309 outlawing attempted suicide apply. The court said in part:

The respondents failed to establish that Santhara is an essential religious practice without which the following of Jain religion is not permissible.

According to the Calcutta Telegraph, the activist who filed the suit says: "... Santhara is a way devised by the family to get rid of the economic burden of caring for its elderly." Jain organizations say they will appeal the decision.

Ohio Supreme Court Board Issues Advisory Opinion On Judges' Refusal To Perform Same-Sex Marriages

The Ohio Supreme Court's Board of Professional Conduct has issued an advisory opinion on Judicial Performance of Civil Marriages of Same-Sex Couples. In Opinion 2015-1 (Aug. 7, 2015), the Board concluded:

A judge who performs civil marriages may not refuse to perform same-sex marriages while continuing to perform opposite-sex marriages, based upon his or her personal, moral, and religious beliefs, acts contrary to the judicial oath of office and Jud. Cond. R. 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.11, and Prof. Cond. R. 8.4(g).

A judge who takes the position that he or she will discontinue performing all marriages, in order to avoid marrying same-sex couples based on his or her personal, moral, or religious beliefs, may be interpreted as manifesting an improper bias or prejudice toward a particular class. The judge’s decision also may raise reasonable questions about his or her impartiality in legal proceedings where sexual orientation is at issue and consequently would require disqualification under Jud. Cond. R. 2.11.

The Board refused to address questions regarding assignment or rotation of judges conducting marriages at a court.

Yesterday's Columbus Dispatch reported on the advisory opinion. The issue was highlighted in Ohio last month when Toledo Municipal Court Judge C. Allen McConnell's bailiff told a same-sex couple who had been issued a marriage license that McConnell does not do "these types of marriages." (See prior posting.)

Supreme Court Is Asked To Review New Jersey Reparative Therapy Ban

Yesterday a petition for certiorari (full text) was filed with the U.S. Supreme Court in Doe v. Governor of New Jersey. In the case, the 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals rejected a constitutional challenge to a New Jersey statute that bans "sexual orientation change efforts" counseling for minors. Liberty Counsel issued a press release announcing the filing of the petition for review.

Judge Orders Marriage and Writing Bible Verses As Conditions of Probation

KLTV News reported last week on the July sentencing hearing in Smith County, Texas of Josten Bundy for assaulting his girlfriend Elizabeth Jayne's former boyfriend. The two got into a fight when the former boyfriend said disrespectful things about Elizabeth. At the sentencing hearing, Judge Randall Rogers said he would grant probation instead of 15 days in jail if Bundy married Jayne within 30 days. The probation terms also included writing Bible verses and getting counseling. Yesterday Americans United released a letter (full text) that it sent to Judge Rogers arguing that the probation terms violate the Establishment Clause and the right to privacy.

UPDATE: The Freedom From Religion Foundation announced that on Aug. 13 it filed a formal complaint against Judge Rogers with the Texas State Commission on Judicial Conduct.

Marijuana Possession Conviction of Rastafarian Does Not Violate Free Exercise Clause

In State of New Jersey v. Forchion, (NJ App., Aug. 7, 2015), the New Jersey Superior Court Appellate Division in an appeal of a conviction for possessing marijuana rejected a claim by a Rastafarian that his First Amendment free exercise rights are infringed by criminalizing the possession of cannabis which is a sacrament used in his faith. The court held that the statute is neutral and generally applicable, and "the fact that marijuana may be medically prescribed for some New Jersey citizens does not create a secular exemption that triggers strict scrutiny analysis."

Monday, August 10, 2015

Article Explores Barriers To Abortion Rights For Jail Inmates

Truthout yesterday published a lengthy investigative article on the barriers sometimes thrown up by jails to prevent women inmates from obtaining abortions. The article begins:

Should sheriffs and other jail staff be allowed to decide whether a woman can obtain an abortion? When a woman is arrested and incarcerated, should her reproductive rights be stripped from her? Based on their actions against a woman in custody this past month, Rick Singleton, the sheriff of Lauderdale County Jail in Florence, Alabama, and district attorney Chris Connolly seem to think so. They may also have set a precedent for any other law enforcement seeking to prevent women from seeking abortions—throw up enough obstacles and she'll decide to carry the pregnancy to term.

Houston Pastors' Group Sues Mayor For Legal Fees and Damages In Fight Over Equal Rights Ordinance

Now that the Texas Supreme Court has ordered the city of Houston to place a referendum on the ballot that seeks to repeal Houston's Equal Rights Ordinance (HERO) (see prior posting), the Houston Area Pastors Council announced last week that it has filed a lawsuit in state court against Houston, Texas mayor Annise Parker to recover legal fees and damages it incurred in the litigation. Much of the opposition to HERO came from pastors who objected to its protection of transgender rights, and the mayor created particular controversy by initially subpoenaing the pastors' sermons and other documents relating to their support of the ordinance. (See prior posting.) Houston Chronicle and the Houston Memorial Examiner report on this latest lawsuit which accuses Mayor Parker with interfering with citizens' right to vote.

RLUIPA Lawsuit Challenges Denial of Permit To Christian School

According to the Livingston (MI) Daily, on Friday Livingston Christian Schools filed a RLUIPA lawsuit in federal district court against Genoa County, Michigan over Genoa Township's denial to it of a special use permit that would have allowed it to relocate to the Brighton Church of the Nazarene facilities. In turn, Light of the World Academy planned to move into the facility in Pickney that Livingston Christian would vacate. The township board voted 4-3 to deny the permit that had been recommended by the planning commission because of traffic concerns.

Sunday, August 09, 2015

IRS Seeks Nominees For Tax Exempt Advisory Committee

The Internal Revenue Service has issued a Notice And Request For Applicants Or Nominations for vacancies on the Advisory Committee on Tax Exempt and Government Entities. (Federal Register, Aug. 10, 2015). Applications or nominations must be received by Sept. 4.

Recent Prisoner Free Exercise Cases

In Williams v. Trueblood, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 100636 (WD AR, July 31, 2015), an Arkansas federal district court adopted a magistrate's recommendation (2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 30546, Feb. 9, 2015) and dismissed the complaint of an inmate whose faith was black magic Voodoo that when Christian preachers from the community periodically visited the jail, they would conduct worship services and play recordings of Christian music in the prisoner pod, and his complaint that the chaplain refused to put books about death on the book cart.

In Hulbert v. Robinson, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 100700 (WD VA, July 31, 2015), a Virginia federal magistrate judge recommended dismissing a Wiccan inmate's complaint that the prison's single-vendor policy and ban on direct in-kind donations denied him access to items he needed for Wiccan rituals.

In Evans v. Muniz, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 101207 (ND CA, July 31, 2015), a California federal district court allowed a Muslim inmate to move ahead with his complaint that he was not provided with Halal food for a period of 16 months.

In Abdullah v. Cruzen, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 101191 and in Alim v. Cruzen, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 101205 (ND CA, July 31, 2015), a California federal district court allowed a Muslim inmate to move ahead with his claim that correctional officers had created an "underground rule" prohibiting SQSP Muslim prisoners from congregating in groups of more than four for daily prayers, and retaliated against him for filing a complaint about it.

In Al-Azim v. Everett, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 101292 (ED VA, Aug. 3, 2015), a Virginia federal district court permitted various of the inmate plaintiffs to move ahead with complaints regarding refusal to provide a diet consistent with Nation of Islam teachings, refusing sufficient time of NOI prayer and classes and refusal to allow plaintiffs to purchase CDs of weekly sermons by Louis Farrakhan.

In Lilly v. Texas Department of Criminal Justice, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 8142 (TX App., Aug. 4, 2015), a Texas state appeals court in a 2-1 decision affirmed the dismissal on statute of limitations grounds of a suit by an inmate who is a member of the House of Yahweh who was refused kosher meals.

In Quinn v. Management & Training Corp., 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 101924 (SD MS, Aug. 4, 2015) a Mississippi federal district court reinstated an inmate's complaint that officers would not allow him to claim Voodoo as his religion on prison paperwork.

In Larios v. United States Gov't & His Religion, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 103205 (ED NY, Aug. 5, 2015), a New York federal district court dismissed with leave to amend an inmate's complaint that that his placement among the general prison population violated his rights under RFRA.

Oklahoma Supreme Court Denies Rehearing In 10 Commandments Case, With Lengthy Opinions

In an Order dated July 27, 2015, the Oklahoma Supreme Court by a 7-2 vote denied a rehearing in Prescott v. Oklahoma Capitol Preservation Commission, in which the court in June held that a Ten Commandments monument must be removed from the statehouse grounds. (See prior posting.) The Order denying a rehearing was accompanied by 4 separate concurring opinions and one dissenting opinion (full text), which are much lengthier than the original opinion.

Saturday, August 08, 2015

2nd Circuit Withdraws Earlier License Plate Opinion In Light of Supreme Court's Walker Decision

In May in Children First Foundation, Inc. v. Fiala (full text), the U.S. 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a decision by the New York Department of Motor Vehicles to refuse to issue custom license plates carrying the slogan "Choose Life." In reaching its conclusion the court held that custom license plates constitute private speech. Subsequently the U.S. Supreme Court in the Walker case held that specialty license plates are government speech. (See prior posting.) Now in Children First Foundation, Inc. v. Fiala, (2d Cir., Aug. 5, 2015), the 2nd Circuit granted a petition for rehearing, withdrew portions of its earlier opinion, vacated the district court's opinion and remanded the case to the district court for further proceedings n light of the Walker decision. New York Law Journal reports on the court's latest action.

2nd Circuit Upholds ACA Contraceptive Mandate Accommodation For Religious Non-Profits

Yesterday the U.S. 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals joined six other Circuits in upholding the Obama Administration’s accommodation for religious non-profits that object to the requirement under the Affordable Care Act to furnish their employees health insurance that includes contraceptive coverage. In Catholic Health Care System v. Burwell, (2d Cir., Aug. 7, 2015), the court rejected plaintiffs’ RFRA challenges, holding that it must apply an objective test in deciding whether a “substantial burden” has been place on plaintiffs’ religious exercise. It is not enough that plaintiffs sincerely believe that a substantial burden has been imposed. It is up to the court to determine the magnitude of the burden. The court said in part:

Plaintiffs ... argue that the objectively insubstantial burden of filing either the opt-out form or the letter to HHS is substantial because it renders them complicit in bringing about consequences forbidden by their religion, namely the provision of contraceptive coverage by the government and third parties. Although third parties ultimately bear the burden of providing contraceptive coverage, Plaintiffs contend that their participation is essential to this coverage…..

When third parties step in and provide contraceptive coverage after Plaintiffs opt out, they do so not because Plaintiffs have opted out, but rather because federal law requires or incentivizes them to provide such coverage. The accommodation functions not as a “trigger,” but rather as a means of identifying and exempting those employers with religious objections. Once Plaintiffs indicate their desire to have no involvement in the provision of contraceptive coverage, the government steps in and acts to ensure contraceptive coverage without any participation by Plaintiffs. Thus, Plaintiffs’ decision to opt out is not the cause of the ultimate 3 contraceptive coverage; rather this coverage happens in spite of them....

Plaintiffs may certainly object to this subsequent action by the government and third parties based on their sincere religious beliefs, and we reiterate that we do not doubt the sincerity or rationality of Plaintiffs’ beliefs. But just because Plaintiffs feel complicit in these third party actions does not mean that the regulations impose a “burden” on their religious practice, much less a burden that is “substantial” under RFRA. While a plaintiff’s “religious views may not accept [the] distinction between individual and governmental conduct,” the law does.

New York Times reports on the decision.

Friday, August 07, 2015

Do State RFRAs Apply To Eminent Domain Proceedings?

The Daily Signal this week reports on a lawsuit in Houston, Texas making innovative use of the state's Religious Freedom Restoration Act to challenge an eminent domain proceeding. The Houston Housing Authority is seeking to take two empty parcels of land belonging to the Latter Day Deliverance Revival Center as part of an urban renewal project. The church says it acquired the parcels as part of a future expansion plan for the church, and that it uses the land for ministry activities. The church filed suit arguing that the Housing Authority must meet the compelling interest/ least restrictive means tests of RFRA before it may take the property which the church refuses to sell. Applying RFRA standards would make its acquisition extremely difficult.

11th Circuit Upholds Alabama's Prison Grooming Rules Despite Supreme Court's Remand After Holt v. Hobbs Decision

After the U.S. Supreme Court earlier this year decided Holt v. Hobbs, concluding that RLUIPA invalidated the Arkansas prison system's grooming requirements as applied to a Muslim inmate seeking to grow a one-half inch beard, it remanded for further consideration an Alabama case in which Native American inmates challenged grooming requirements banning their long hair. (See prior posting.) Deciding the case on remand, in Knight v. Thompson, (11th Cir., Aug. 5, 2015), the U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that despite Holt, the Alabama grooming requirements are valid. The 11th Circuit distinguished Holt:

While Holt sought to grow a ½-inch beard, such that the Department had to show how denying him a ½-inch beard actually furthered its compelling interests, the Plaintiffs here request a complete exemption of long, unshorn hair from the ADOC’s short-hair policy....

[T]he “detailed record developed” below distinguishes this case from Holt, where the lower courts gave “unquestioning deference” to prison officials’ conclusory and speculative assertions. As we stated in our previous opinion, the ADOC has “shown that Plaintiffs’ requested exemption poses actual security, discipline, hygiene, and safety risks” and neither we nor Plaintiffs can “point to a less restrictive alternative that accomplishes the ADOC’s compelling goals.”

The 11th Circuit reinstated its prior opinion in the case, with modifications in Section 3(b)(ii) of the opinion. (Full text of modified opinion.) AP reports on the decision.

Suit In Israeli Court Charges Administration of Temple Mount Violates Religious Discrimination Ban

Arutz Sheva and JNS reported yesterday on an interesting lawsuit filed this week in Israel in Jerusalem's District Court. Jewish activist and attorney Baruch Ben-Yosef has sued the Palestinian Authority, Jordan and the Islamic Movement group in Israel, essentially claiming that they are violating Israel's equivalent of a public accommodation law by limiting Jewish access to the Temple Mount.

The suit alleges violation of an Israeli law enacted in 2000 that prohibits operators of public sites from barring admission on the basis of religion, race, nationality, gender or political affiliation. The suit charges defendants with discriminatory practices against Jews on the Temple Mount. Jewish access is limited to certain times, and Jewish prayer on the Mount is banned. The suit charges that inciting of violence on the Temple Mount is aimed at decreasing Jewish visitors. The suit also challenges Jordan's claim of sovereignty over the Temple Mount in light of Israel's control over the site taken in the 1967 Six Day War. The Temple Mount is currently administered by the Islamic Waqf that is controlled by Jordan. However security is handled by Israeli police.

Thursday, August 06, 2015

Kentucky County Clerk Files Third-Party Complaint Against Governor In Battle Over Same-Sex Marriage Licenses

As previously reported, in July the Kentucky ACLU filed a federal class-action lawsuit against Rowan County Clerk Kim Davis who is refusing to issue marriage licences to anyone because of her religious objections to issuing them to same-sex couples. On Tuesday, Davis responded by filing a third-party complaint in the suit against Kentucky Governor Steven Beshear as well as the state official responsible for marriage license forms. Her third-party complaint (full text) in Miller v. Davis, (ED KY, filed 8/4/2015) alleges in part:

The Commonwealth of Kentucky, acting through Governor Beshear, has deprived Davis of her religious conscience rights guaranteed by the United States and Kentucky Constitutions and laws, by insisting that Davis issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples contrary to her conscience, based on her sincerely held religious beliefs. Because of Governor Beshear’s open declaration that Davis has no such rights, Governor Beshear has exposed Davis to the Plaintiffs’ underlying lawsuit, in which the Plaintiffs claim a constitutional right to a Kentucky marriage license issued specifically by Davis. Governor Beshear is not only liable to Davis for Plaintiffs’ claims, but is also obligated to effect Kentucky marriage licensing policies that uphold Davis’s rights of religious conscience.

Liberty Counsel issued a press release announcing the filing of the complaint. AP reports on the filing.

Suit Challenges Prof's Firing For Becoming Pregnant Out of Wedlock

A former Assistant Professor of Exercise Science at Northwest Christian University in Eugene, Oregon filed a discrimination suit this week after she was fired for becoming pregnant out of wedlock. The complaint (full text) in Richardson v. Northwest Christian University, (OR Cir. Ct., filed 8/4/2015), contends that when plaintiff Coty Richardson became pregnant by her partner with whom she has had a 12 year relationship. the University gave her an ultimatum:

she had to either (1) proclaim the pregnancy a mistake and dissociate with the father of her child or (2) marry him immediately and provide proof of their union. Dr. Lindsay [Vice President for Academic Affairs] told Ms. Richardson that having a child out of wedlock while still continuing a relationship with the father was inconsistent with the University’s core values and mission and set a “bad example” for the students. When Ms. Richardson refused the University’s demands and requested privacy in her personal life, she was locked out of the University and her employment was terminated.

Among other things, the suit claims violations of Oregon's ban on employment discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, gender and marital status. It also claims discrimination on the basis of religion, i.e. her belief that it is appropriate for her, as a Christian, to wait until she and her partner are financially, practically, and emotionally ready for marriage. Wall Street Journal reports on the lawsuit.