Friday, August 06, 2021

6th Circuit En Banc Upholds Tennessee Abortion Waiting Period

In a 9-7 en banc decision in Bristol Regional Women's Center, P.C. v. Slatery, (6th Cir., Aug. 5, 2021), the U.S. 6th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld Tennessee's 48-hour waiting period for abortions. Judge Thapar's majority opinion concluded:

Tennessee’s 48-hour abortion waiting period is facially constitutional. The law is supported by a rational basis, and it is not a substantial obstacle to abortion for a large fraction of women seeking previability abortions in Tennessee. And the plaintiffs failed to present any specific evidence to sustain their as-applied challenge. We thus reverse the district court’s decision and remand for entry of judgment in Tennessee’s favor on these claims.

Two judges joined in a concurring opinion.  The primary dissenting opinion was written by Judge Moore, who said in part:

Rather than plunge into the vast pool of evidence compiled in the district court ... the majority dips a toe and recoils. Speaking vaguely of “inconveniences,”... “logistical challenges,” ... and “increased costs,”... but shirking the specifics that the district court explored in exhaustive depth, the majority improvises a sanitized account of the record free of uncomfortable realities. In whitewashing the record, the majority has crystalized what has been clear at least since it agreed to hear this case initially en banc without a principled basis: this case was dead on arrival.... An honest look at the record compels but one conclusion: a law that peddles in stigma, forces women into unnecessary and invasive surgical procedures, and forces low-income women to sacrifice basic necessities for themselves and their families in order to obtain an abortion is nothing if not an undue burden.

Judge Gibbons also filed a dissenting opinion. The Hill reports on the decision. 

DOJ Reports On 15 Years Of Hate Crime Prosecutions

Last month (July 8), the Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics issued a 15-page report titled Federal Hate Crime Prosecutions, 2005–19 (full text). A press release summarizing the report said in part:

U.S. attorneys declined to prosecute 82% of suspects, prosecuted 17% and disposed of 1% for prosecution by U.S. magistrates. Insufficient evidence was the most common reason hate crime matters were declined for prosecution.

Among the 310 defendants adjudicated in U.S. district court for hate crime violations during 2005-19, more than 9 in 10 defendants (284) were convicted. About 85% (240) of those convicted of a hate crime were sentenced to prison, with an average term of over 7.5 years. About 14% (39) were sentenced to probation only, and 1% (4) received a suspended sentence. Forty percent of the convictions for hate crimes during 2005-19 occurred in federal judicial districts in six states: New York (30), California (26), Texas (19), Arkansas (15), Tennessee (13) and Pennsylvania (12).

This week, the Los Angeles Blade reported on the data.

Thursday, August 05, 2021

Transgender Students Sue Over Tennessee Public School Bathroom Law

Suit was filed this week in a Tennessee federal district court challenging the Tennessee Accommodations for All Children Act. The suit was brought on behalf of two transgender students. The complaint (full text) in A.S. v. Lee, (MD TN, filed 8/3/2021) alleges that the effect of the law is to force transgender students in public schools to either use a multi-occupancy bathroom inconsistent with their gender identity or ask for a "reasonable accommodation" such as use of a single-occupancy or a teacher's restroom or changing room. Use of a multi-occupancy restroom or changing room consistent with their gender identity is not an option. The complaint charges that the law violates the equal protection clause and Title IX. CNN reports on the lawsuit.

Wednesday, August 04, 2021

For First Time, Orthodox Rabbi Appointed To An Australian State Supreme Court

 ABC News and Hamodia report that for the first time, an Orthodox rabbi has been appointed to a Supreme Court of a state in Australia. Rabbi Marcus Solomon takes office today as the newest justice of the Supreme Court of the state of Western Australia. Rabbi Solomon, who has particular expertise in complex commercial matters, received his law degree in 1991. In 2006 he founded Perth Yeshivah, Western Australia's first post-secondary institution of Jewish studies and Talmudic law.

Challenge To Virginia's COVID Restrictions On Worship Services Dismissed As Moot

 In Tolle v. Northam, (ED VA, July 29, 2021), a Virginia federal district court dismissed as moot a lay minister's challenge to the Virginia governor's now-terminated COVID-19 orders.  Those orders had caused plaintiff's church to stop offering public worship services and otherwise limited gatherings for religious worship.

Protective Order Did Not Violate Ex-Husband's Free Exercise Rights

 In Kaur v. Singh, (PA Super., Aug. 2, 2021), a Pennsylvania appellate court upheld a Protection From Abuse Order that excludes plaintiff's former husband from attending the Nazareth Temple on Sundays when his former wife is present. The court said in part:

[T]he Final PFA Order did not substantially burden Appellant’s right to practice his religion....The Order did not ban Appellant from practicing his religion, nor compel him to perform actions against his religion. Appellant can attend services at several other temples in the area on Sunday, attend services at Nazareth Temple every day but Sunday, and attend services at Nazareth Temple on Sunday if Ms. Kaur is not present. As the trial court explained, “[t]he record established that all of the Sikh temples in the area have essentially the same services”....

Additionally ... [s]ince Appellant’s purpose of attending the services at Nazareth Temple is to harass Ms. Kaur as opposed to practicing his religion, the Order arguably does not impact Appellant’s ability to practice his religion at all.

Tuesday, August 03, 2021

Supreme Court Justice Denies Church's Application For Injunction Pending Cert. Application

Yesterday, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer in Calvary Chapel of Bangor v. Mills, denied  an application (full text) by a Maine church for injunctive relief pending disposition of its petition for certiorari. The church sought to prevent Maine's governor from reinstating COVID-related restrictions on worship services while exempting other activities. AP reports on the denial.

Cert. Filed In Case On Washington State's Religious Exemption From Anti-Discrimination Law

A petition for certiorari (full text) was filed yesterday with the U.S. Supreme Court in Seattle's Union Gospel Mission v. Woods, (cert. filed 8/2/2020). In the case, Washington state's Supreme Court held that, as applied, the religious and non-profit exemption to the state's anti-discrimination law may be unconstitutional. Plaintiff in the case was denied employment as a staff attorney by a Christian legal aid program for the homeless because he was in a same-sex relationship. (See prior posting.) ADF issued a press release announcing the filing of the petition for review.

Cert. Filed In Dispute Over Ministerial Exception's Applicability To Faculty Member

A petition for certiorari (full text) was filed yesterday with the U.S. Supreme Court in Gordon College v. DeWeese-Boyd, (cert. filed 8/2/2021). In the case, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court held that the ministerial exception does not apply in a suit by an associate professor of social work at a private Christian liberal arts college who claims her promotion to full professor was denied because of her vocal opposition to the school's policies on LGBTQ individuals. The court concluded that the faculty member was not a ministerial employee. (See prior posting.) ADF issued a press release announcing the filing of the petition for review.

Supreme Court Review Sought In Dispute Over Virginia Property Tax Exemption

A petition for certorari (full text) was filed with the U.S. Supreme Court yesterday in Trustees of the New Life In Christ Church v. City of Fredericksburg, Virginia, (cert. filed 8/2/2021).  The decisions below are an unreported decision from a Virginia state trial court and a Virginia Supreme Court order refusing to grant review. The petition for review filed with the U.S. Supreme Court describes the case:

New Life In Christ Church claimed the tax exemption for a property occupied by Josh and Anacari Storms. The Church explained that the Stormses are “ministers” under the Presbyterian Church in America’s Book of Church Order because they were hired to teach and spread the faith to college students in the community. The City of Fredericksburg agreed that eligibility for the exemption turned on whether the Presbyterian Church in America considered the Stormses to be ministers, but it denied the exemption because, under its reading of the Book of Church Order, only ordained persons with specific duties are ministers of that church.

One of the issues presented is whether a civil court may substitute its own interpretation of church doctrine for that of church officials. First Liberty Institute issued a press release announcing the filing of the cert. petition.

Monday, August 02, 2021

8th Circuit: Challenge To Church Capacity Limits Dismissed On Mootness and Standing Grounds

 In Hawse v. Page, (8th Cir., July 30, 2021), the U.S. 8th Circuit Court of Appeals, in a 2-1 decision, dismissed on standing and mootness grounds challenges to St. Louis County, Missouri's now-superseded COVID-related limit on the number of persons who could attend church services. The majority said in part:

Whether or not the churches were formally closed in April 2020, the complaint is bereft of an allegation that but for the Order, the churches attended  by the appellants would have allowed groups of ten or more persons to gather in the early weeks of the pandemic.

Judge Stras filed a dissenting opinion. 

Recent Articles of Interest

 From SSRN:

Sunday, August 01, 2021

Most Misrepresentation Claims Against LDS Church Dismissed; RICO Claim Survives

In Gaddy v. Corporation of the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, (D UT, July 28, 2021), a Utah federal district court dismissed most of the claims in an amended complaint by a former LDS Church member alleging that several basic teachings of the Church involve misrepresentations. The court previously dismissed plaintiff's original complaint. (See prior posting.) In passing on her amended complaint, the court said in part:

Gaddy's new factual allegations relating to the locations of events described in the Book of Mormon and the founding prophet Joseph Smith's marriages directly implicate the Church's core religious teachings.... [S]he seeks to attack the veracity of the Church's teachings about the Book of Mormon and its doctrines by challenging the accuracy of certain facts contained in the text. As this court previously explained, a plaintiff may not, for example, challenge in a court of law religious beliefs that Noah built an ark, loaded it with his family and representative animals of the world, and was thereby saved from world-engulfing floods. Neither may a plaintiff circumvent this restriction by merely attacking religious accounts concerning the locations where Noah built the ark or where the ark came to rest....

Gaddy is correct that courts are required to evaluate the sincerity of religious beliefs.... However, courts engage in this inquiry of those seeking religious accommodation or exception to a rule or law of general application ... for the purpose of ensuring the government accommodate only genuine religious beliefs that are sincerely held.

This rationale is inapplicable here because the church autonomy doctrine is not an accommodation.... Rather, it is a "fundamental right of churches to decide for themselves, free from state interference, matters of church government as well as those of faith and doctrine."

The court however did allow plaintiff to move ahead with her civil RICO claim based on alleged misrepresentations about the way in which tithed funds would be spent:

Here, Gaddy does not challenge the Church's tithing doctrine or teachings related to it.... Gaddy instead points to specific factual statements allegedly made by the Church ... concerning the Church's use of tithing funds and alleges those statements are false. The inquiry required to adjudicate this claim does not implicate religious principles of the Church or the truth of the Church's beliefs concerning the doctrine of tithing. This claim further does not require the court to determine whether the Church or its members were acting in accord with what they perceived to be the commandments of their faith. Gaddy has instead challenged secular representations....

9th Circuit: Arizona Prison Rules Did Not Substantially Burden Inmate's Religious Exercise

 In Yokois v. Ryan, (9th Cir., July 30, 2021), the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal of an Arizona inmate's 1st Amendment and RLUIPA claims. The court said in part:

ADC’s policy requiring inmates to go through authorized vendors to purchase religious items was at most, an inconvenience, and not a substantial burden on Yokois’ ability to acquire religious items. Similarly, ... the ADC policy in question only prevented Yokois from pinning religious materials on his bulletin board while he was outside his cell and not using them. As a result, Yokois did not show that these policies so burdened his right to exercise his religion that he felt pressured to abandon his beliefs.

Friday, July 30, 2021

Dispute Over Church Vote On Hiring Pastor May Move Ahead

In Howard v. Heritage Fellowship, (VA Cir. Ct., June 30, 2021), a Virginia state trial court refused to dismiss a suit by five church members challenging the membership vote on employment of a senior pastor.  The court said in part:

... Plaintiffs bring suit in concern of whether "the Deacons Board's decision to finalize the membership roll after the results of the 2018 election was in compliance with Bylaws, Constitution and other applicable policies."... [N]one of this request requires the Court to delve into a religious thicket by reviewing religious principles of membership.... [T]here is no allegation ... of a doctrinal dispute between two factions, HFC also lacks an internal tribunal to decide conflicts.... Since HFC lacks internal tribunals to rule on such matters, civil court action is necessary to resolve this dispute.

The court also concluded that the ministerial exception doctrine does not apply, despite the fact that the dispute revolves around selection of the church's minister, saying in part:

Although the language of the ministerial exception does not explicitly state it cannot be applied to other scenarios, that silence does not mean it may extend to election issues. Here, Plaintiffs only ask for democratic, neutral principles of law to be enforced. The Court is not asked to determine whether Reverend Sullivan would make a good Pastor, or if he may stay within said position.

Biden Announces Religious Freedom and Anti-Semitism Nominations

President Biden today announced the names of four individuals who he intends to nominate to key positions involving religious affairs. Two of the nominations are for positions at the ambassadorial level:

Rashad Hussain, Nominee for Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom

Deborah Lipstadt, Nominee for Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism with the Rank of Ambassador

Two others are nominations to USCIRF: 

Khizr Khan, Appointee for Commissioner of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

Sharon Kleinbaum, Appointee for Commissioner of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

The White House announcement sets out extensive biographical facts on each nominee.

Defrocked Cardinal McCarrick Charged Criminally In Massachusetts For Sex Abuse Committed Decades Ago

 CNN Reports that a criminal complaint in a Massachusetts state trial court charges now-defrocked Cardinal Theodore McCarrick with three counts of indecent assault and battery on a person over 14 years old.  The charges grow out of abuse of a boy beginning in 1974. McCarrick becomes the highest ranking Catholic clergy member to face criminal charges for sex abuse of a minor.

11th Circuit: Exclusion of Anti-LGBT Group From Charitable Donation Program Is Upheld

In Coral Ridge Ministries Media, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc., (11th Cir., July 28, 2021), the U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed an Alabama federal district court's dismissal of a defamation and religious discrimination suit brought by a Christian ministry and media company.  At issue is Amazon's customer-choice charitable donation program which excludes as possible beneficiaries organizations that are designated as hate groups by the Southern Poverty Law Center. Coral Ridge was listed as a hate group because of its religious beliefs opposing LGBTQ conduct. The court dismissed the defamation claim because plaintiff failed to adequately plead actual malice (i.e., knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard of the truth). The court dismissed Coral Ridge's claim of religious discrimination in violation of the public accommodation provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, saying in part:

[T]he district court was correct in finding that Coral Ridge’s interpretation of Title II would violate the First Amendment by essentially forcing Amazon to donate to organizations it does not support.... 

Coral Ridge’s proposed interpretation of Title II would infringe on Amazon’s First Amendment right to engage in expressive conduct and would not further Title II’s purpose....

Courthouse News Service reports on the decision.

Thursday, July 29, 2021

Catholic Hospital's Refusal To Allow Gender Dysphoria Procedure Violates ACA Discrimination Ban

In Hammons v. University of Maryland Medical System Corporation, (D MD, July 28, 2021), a transgender man challenged the refusal by University of Maryland St. Joseph Medical Center to allow his physician to perform a hysterectomy as part of his treatment for gender dysphoria. The hospital, while a subsidiary of the University of Maryland state system, adheres to Catholic religious doctrine. The court dismissed plaintiff's Establishment Clause and Equal Protection Clause claims on 11th Amendment state sovereign immunity grounds. However the court concluded that plaintiff had stated an adequate claim of sex discrimination that is prohibited by §1557 of the Affordable Care Act.

Wednesday, July 28, 2021

Free Exercise Challenges To Illinois COVID Orders Dismissed As Moot

In Elim Romanian Pentecostal Church v. Pritzker, (ND IL, July 26, 2021), an Illinois federal district court dismissed as moot religious freedom challenges by two churches to Illinois Governor Jay Pritzker's now-expired emergency COVID-19 orders. The court said in part:

[I]t is absolutely clear that the alleged wrongful behavior— restrictions on religion due to the COVID-19 pandemic— are not reasonably expected to recur.

Clergy Sex Abuse Case Alleges Racial Discrimination As Well

A clergy sex-abuse case with a new twist was filed this week in a Wisconsin federal district court.  As described by a press release from Nate's Mission:

This morning attorneys filed a federal civil complaint ... against the Franciscans of the Blessed Virgin Mary, headquartered in Franklin, Wisconsin, and the Diocese of Jackson in the case of former Franciscan Brother Paul West, alleging discrimination and racial disparities in the treatment of Raphael Love, a Black clergy abuse victim. The lawsuit is believed to be the first of its kind in the clergy abuse crisis alleging a pattern of racial discrimination both in the placement of known offenders and treatment of survivors.

The complaint (full text) in  Love v. Catholic Diocese of Jackson, (ED WI, filed 7/27/2021), alleges in part:

Defendants conspired ... to deceive ... Plaintiff and other African American victims to accept a nominal and unconscionable settlement when the Defendants knew that the amount was far below even the cost of the future treatment the Plaintiff's injuries ... and was designed in bad faith to take advantage of the Plaintiff's underprivileged and impoverished condition.

Tuesday, July 27, 2021

10th Circuit: Colorado Anti-Discrimination Law Can Apply To Wedding Website Designer

 In 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis, (10th Cir., July 26, 2021), the U.S. 10th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the application of Colorado's Anti-Discrimination Act to a wedding website design company whose owner for religious reasons refuses to create websites that celebrate same-sex marriages. The Act bars refusing services because of a customer's sexual orientation and publishing any communication that indicates such discriminatory practices. The majority conceded that the law compelled speech and acted as a content-based restriction. However the majority found that it nevertheless was constitutional because it was narrowly tailored to further a compelling state interest.  The majority said in part:

Here, Colorado has a compelling interest in protecting both the dignity interests of members of marginalized groups and their material interests in accessing the commercial marketplace....

To be clear, we, like the Dissent, do not question Appellants’ “sincere religious beliefs” or “good faith.”... Yet, we fail to see how Appellants’ sincerity or good faith should excuse them from CADA. Appellants’ intent has no bearing on whether, as a consequence, same-sex couples have limited access to goods or services....

The Communication Clause does not violate the Appellants’ Free Speech rights. As the district court correctly held, Colorado may prohibit speech that promotes unlawful activity, including unlawful discrimination....

Chief Judge Tymkovich filed a lengthy dissenting opinion. saying in part:

While everyone supports robust and vigorously enforced anti-discrimination laws, those laws need not and should not force a citizen to make a Hobson’s choice over matters of conscience. Colorado is rightfully interested in protecting certain classes of persons from arbitrary and discriminatory treatment. But what Colorado cannot do is turn the tables on Ms. Smith and single out her speech and religious beliefs for discriminatory treatment under the aegis of anti-discrimination laws.

 ADF issued a press release announcing the decision.

Monday, July 26, 2021

9th Circuit: COVID Closure of Private Schools May Have Violated Due Process Rights of Parents

In Brach v. Newsom. (9th Cir., July 23, 2021), the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, in a 2-1 decision, rejected due process challenges to California's COVID-related closure of in-person instruction in public schools, but held that the closure of in-person instruction in private schools may have violated parents' and students' due process rights. The court said in part:

We reach a different conclusion, however, as to the State’s interference in the in-person provision of private education to the children of five of the Plaintiffs in this case. California’s forced closure of their private schools implicates a right that has long been considered fundamental under the applicable caselaw—the right of parents to control their children’s education and to choose their children’s educational forum. Because California’s ban on in-person schooling abridges a fundamental liberty of these five Plaintiffs that is protected by the Due Process Clause, that prohibition can be upheld only if it withstands strict scrutiny. Given the State closure order’s lack of narrow tailoring, we cannot say that, as a matter of law, it survives such scrutiny.

Judge Hurwitz dissented in a lengthy opinion, arguing that the case is moot and also disagreeing with the majority's substantive reasoning.

9th Circuit: Church Has Standing To Challenge Washington Abortion Coverage Mandate

In Cedar Park Assembly of God of Kirkland, Washington v. Kreidler, (9th Cir., July 22, 2021), the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals reversed a Washington federal district court's dismissal for lack of standing of a challenge to a Washington statute that requires health insurance plans that cover maternity care to also cover abortions. The court said in part:

The state’s argument that Cedar Park did not suffer an injury because SB 6219 did not prevent Kaiser Permanente from continuing to offer a plan that restricted abortion coverage fails because Kaiser Permanente reasonably understood the plain language of SB 6219 as precluding such restrictions, and it acted accordingly when it removed the restrictions from Cedar Park’s health plan.

The court affirmed the dismissal of the church's equal protection claim. ADF issued a press release announcing the decision.

Recent Articles of Interest

From SSRN:

From SmartCILP:
  • Jonathan K. Van Patten, The Trial of Jesus, 65 South Dakota Law Review 285-316 (2020).
  • Thomas E. Simmons, Saint Paul's Trial Narrative in Acts: Imperium Romanum vs. Vasileia Tou Theou, [Abstract],  65 South Dakota Law Review 317-370 (2020).

Sunday, July 25, 2021

Food Ordinance Does Not Violate Rights Of Christians Distributing Sandwiches

In Redlich v. City of St. Louis, (ED MO, July 22, 2021), a Missouri federal magistrate judge dismissed a suit by two officers of the New Life Evangelical Center who, as part of their religious obligation, conduct outreach to the homeless.  They seek an injunction to prevent enforcement of a city ordinance that bans the distribution of “potentially hazardous foods” to the public without a temporary food permit. Plaintiffs were cited for distributing bologna sandwiches without a permit. The court rejected free exercise, free speech, freedom of association, equal protection and other challenges by plaintiffs, saying in part:

Plaintiffs have not established that the Ordinance constitutes a substantial burden on their free exercise rights. Assuming that food sharing is a central tenet of Plaintiffs’ religious beliefs, the evidence does not show that enforcement of the Ordinance prohibits Plaintiffs’ meaningful ability to adhere to their faith or denies Plaintiffs reasonable opportunities to engage in fundamental religious activities....

Plaintiffs show that the Ordinance certainly limits their ability to express their message in distributing sandwiches, but admit there is nothing about bologna sandwiches specifically that inherently expresses their religion. The facts show that in the alternative to obtaining a charitable feeding permit, Plaintiffs can and have distributed other types of food, bottled water, clothes, literature, and offered community and prayer without providing food subject to the Ordinance...

The record supports that the City enacted the Ordinance to adopt the National Food Code for public health and safety reasons, not to curtail a religious message. Thus, the Ordinance and its Amendment are content neutral and generally applicable....

Friday, July 23, 2021

Court Enjoins Arkansas Abortion Ban

In Little Rock Family Planning Services v. Jegley, (ED AR, July 20, 2021), an Arkansas federal district court issued a preliminary injunction against enforcing Arkansas Act 309 against pre-viability abortions. The statute bans all abortions, except when necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman.  The court said in part:

The Act thus “prohibit[s] any woman from making the ultimate decision to terminate her pregnancy before viability.”... Defendants do not make any argument to the contrary.... Instead, defendants argue that Roe and Casey were wrongly decided and that there is no constitutional right to abortion.... As a federal district court, this Court “is bound by the Supreme Court’s decisions in Casey.”... Accordingly, the Act is categorically unconstitutional, and plaintiffs have demonstrated that they are likely to succeed on the merits.

AP reports on the decision. [Thanks to Tom Rutledge for the lead.]

Pennsylvania Supreme Court: Abuse Victim's Suit Against Diocese Barred By Limitations Statute

In Rice v. Diocese of Altoona-Johnstown, (PA Sup. Ct., July 21, 2021), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in a 5-2 decision held that the statute of limitations bars a suit against the Diocese of Altoona-Johnstown and its bishops for their role in covering up and facilitating a series of sexual assaults by plaintiff's childhood priest. Suit was filed 35 years after the assaults. Plaintiff sued after a Pennsylvania grand jury report detailed clergy abuse. The court held that the discovery rule did not toll the statute:

Because her claims for damages against the Diocese are based on [her priest's] alleged conduct, she was on inquiry notice regarding other potentially liable actors, including the Diocese, as a matter of law.

The court also rejected a claim that fraudulent concealment tolled the statute:

Under our jurisprudence, before a plaintiff may invoke the principles of fraudulent concealment, the plaintiff must use reasonable diligence to investigate her claims.

Chief Justice Baer filed a concurring opinion. Justice Wecht, joined by Justice Todd, filed a dissenting opinion, saying in part:

The Majority’s conclusion that Rice failed to exercise reasonable diligence in investigating the Diocese’s role in her attack is based on nothing more than the fact that Rice knew that she was assaulted on church property by a priest employed by the Diocese.... This analysis dramatically oversimplifies the reasonable diligence inquiry.

AP reports on the decision. [Thanks to Tom Rutledge for the lead.]

Court Enjoins Enforcement of West Virginia's Ban On Transgender Girls Being On Girl's Sports Teams

In B.P.J. v. West Virginia State Board of Education, (D WV, July 21, 2021), a West Virginia federal district court granted a preliminary injunction to an 11-year old transgender girl who was kept off the girl's cross country and track teams under a West Virginia statute that bars students whose biological sex is male from girls' teams. The court found a likelihood of success on plaintiff's equal protection and Title IX claims, saying in part:

B.P.J. has not undergone endogenous puberty and will not so long as she remains on her prescribed puberty blocking drugs. At this preliminary stage, B.P.J. has shown that she will not have any inherent physical advantage over the girls she would compete against on the girls’ cross country and track teams....

As applied to B.P.J., Section 18-2-25d is not substantially related to protecting girls’ opportunities in athletics or their physical safety when participating in athletics. I find that B.P.J. is likely to succeed on the merits of her equal protection claim.

Courthouse News Service reports on the decision.

Thursday, July 22, 2021

Satanic Temple Can Move Ahead With Establishment Clause Claim As To Invocation Denial

In The Satanic Temple, Inc. v. City of Boston, MA (D MA, July 21, 2021), a Massachusetts federal district court refused to dismiss an Establishment Clause challenge to Boston's City Council invocation policy.  The court said in part:

TST reached out to the Boston City Council, which opens each of its meetings with a prayer, asking to give the invocation.... Defendant denied those requests, explaining that City Councilors choose speakers from their communities for their assigned weeks, and that TST could not lead the prayer without an invitation from a City Councilor.... Those denials were made after members of the Boston public objected to the possibility of TST opening a City Council session with a prayer and in the wake of a public outcry and 2,000-person protest after TST attempted to stage a “Black Mass” at Harvard....

Given the fact-specific nature of the inquiry into the constitutionality of legislative prayer schemes and the lack of controlling authority from the First Circuit or Supreme Court, this Court will not dismiss TST’s Establishment Clause claim at the motion to dismiss stage....  TST has plausibly raised a claim that Defendant’s prayer selection policy has discriminated against it in violation of the Establishment Clause.

The court dismissed plaintiff's free exercise, free speech and equal protection challenges. Universal Hub reports on the decision.

10th Circuit Rejects Qualified Immunity Defense In Suit By Native American Inmates

In Williams v. Hansen, (10th Cir., July 21, 2021), the U.S. 10th Circuit Court of Appeals held that a suit by Native American inmates against prison officials should not have been dismissed on qualified immunity grounds. Banning Native American religious services for at least 9 days and the use of tobacco for services for 30 days could have violated a clearly established constitutional right of prisoner to freely exercise their religious beliefs.

6th Circuit Hears Arguments On Masking Requirement For K-5 Religious Schools

Yesterday, the U.S. 6th Circuit Court of Appeals heard oral arguments (audio of full arguments) in Resurrection School v. Hertel. In the case, a Michigan federal district court refused to issue a preliminary injunction sought by parents of Catholic school children to eliminate the COVID face covering requirement for children attending K through Grade 5 at religious schools. Parents contend that the requirement interferes with the free exercise of the students' religion. (See prior posting.) Washington Post, reporting on appellants' arguments, said in part:

[A]ttorneys for Resurrection School in Lansing and two parents will tell the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit that Catholic doctrine holds that every person is made in God’s image.

“Unfortunately, a mask shields our humanity,” the school argued in its lawsuit. “And because God created us in His image, we are masking that image.”

Wednesday, July 21, 2021

9th Circuit Remands Churches' Challenge To California Abortion Coverage Mandate

In Foothill Church v. Watanabe, (9th Cir., July 19, 2021), the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in a 2-1 decision vacated a California federal district court's rejection of free exercise and equal protection challenges to California's requirement that insurance companies include coverage for abortion services in all health insurance policies. The court remanded for further consideration in light of the U.S. Supreme Court's recent decision in Fulton v. City of Philadelphia. Judge Bress filed a dissenting opinion, saying in part:

We should have decided the appeal that was properly before us and held what the law pre- and post-Fulton plainly requires: the Director’s broad discretionary authority to issue individualized exemptions from the abortion coverage obligation means that we must apply strict scrutiny to California’s requirement that the churches’ health planscover elective abortions.

Separately, in a memorandum opinion issued at the same time, the court unanimously affirmed the dismissal of the churches' Establishment Clause claim, saying that all religious organizations are treated alike, and the Establishment Clause is not violated merely because a rule happens to coincide with the beliefs of some religions.

Tuesday, July 20, 2021

California Law Barring Misgendering Of Long Term Care Residents Violates 1st Amendment

In Taking Offense v. State of California, (CA App., July 16, 2021), a California state appellate court held that a provision in California's Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Long-Term Care Facility Residents’ Bill of Rights violates free speech rights.  At issue is a provision that prohibits staff members of long-term care facilities from willfully and repeatedly referring to a resident by anything except the person's preferred name or pronoun. The court said in part:

[W]e conclude the pronoun provision ... is overinclusive in that it restricts more speech than is necessary to achieve the government’s compelling interest in eliminating discrimination, including harassment, on the basis of sex.... [T]he law criminalizes even occasional, isolated, off-hand instances of willful misgendering-- provided there has been at least one prior instance--without requiring that such occasional instances of misgendering amount to harassing or discriminatory conduct.

The court however rejected an equal protection challenge to a different provision of the law that requires room assignments in long term care facilities to be made on the basis of a resident's gender identity, unless a transgender resident requests otherwise.

Judge Hull filed a concurring opinion discussing the right of intimate association. Judge Robie also filed a concurring opinion.

Bidens Send Eid Greetings

Today is Eid al-Adha. Yesterday President and Mrs. Biden issued a statement (full text) sending greetings to those celebrating the holiday. The statement reads in part:

The Hajj, which convenes people from all walks of life and from every corner of the globe, is also a reminder of Islam’s commitment to equality and the shared roots of the world’s Abrahamic faiths. The United States is committed to working with the international community to emerge stronger from the pandemic, and thousands of Muslim Americans are among those eager to perform the pilgrimage next year, God willing.

9th Circuit Denies En Banc Review Of Football Coach's Challenge To Dismissal For On-Field Prayer

In Kennedy v. Bremerton School District, (9th Cir., July 19, 2021), the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals rejected a sua sponte request for a rehearing en banc in the case of a high school football coach who insisted on prominently praying at the 50-yard line immediately after football games. A 3-judge panel upheld upheld a Washington state school board's dismissal of the coach. (See prior posting.) The denial of the rehearing however generated six concurring and dissenting opinions and statements spanning 92 pages, reflecting sharp differences. Judge Smith's opinion concurring in the denial of review says in part:

Unlike Odysseus, who was able to resist the seductive song of the Sirens by being tied to a mast and having his shipmates stop their ears with bees’ wax, our colleague, Judge O’Scannlain, appears to have succumbed to the Siren song of a deceitful narrative of this case spun by counsel for Appellant, to the effect that Joseph Kennedy, a Bremerton High School (BHS) football coach, was disciplined for holding silent, private prayers. That narrative is false.... [T]he reader should know the following basic truth ab initio: Kennedy was never disciplined by BHS for offering silent, private prayers.

Senior Judge O'Scannlain, joined in full by 5 other judges and in part by two more, said in part:

It is axiomatic that teachers do not “shed” their First Amendment protections “at the schoolhouse gate.”... Yet the opinion in this case obliterates such constitutional protections by announcing a new rule that any speech by a public school teacher or coach, while on the clock and in earshot of others, is subject to plenary control by the government. Indeed, we are told that, from the moment public high school football coach Joseph Kennedy arrives at work until the very last of his players has gone home after a game, the Free Speech Clause simply doesn’t apply to him.

First Liberty announced that an appeal will be filed with the U.S. Supreme Court.

Monday, July 19, 2021

Recent Articles of Interest

From SSRN:

From SmartCILP:

Minnesota Governor Orders Agencies To Combat Conversion Therapy

On July 15, Minnesota Governor Tim Walz issued Executive Order 21-25 (full text) providing:

All state agencies must pursue opportunities and coordinate with each other to protect Minnesotans, particularly minors and vulnerable adults, from conversion therapy to the fullest extent of their authority.

The Executive Order then details administrative actions that are to be taken by various state departments and agencies to prevent mental health professionals from working to change individuals' sexual orientation or gender identity.  AP reports on the governor's action. [Thanks to Scott Mange for the lead.]

Sunday, July 18, 2021

EU Court of Justice Says Neutral Ban On Employees Wearing Any Religious Or Political Symbols Is Permitted

In IX v. WABE eV, (CJ EU, July 15, 2021), the Court of Justice of the European Union gave preliminary rulings in two cases from German Labor Courts on the extent to which employers can ban employees from wearing visible political, religious or philosophical signs in the workplace.  At issue was whether applying such a ban to Islamic headscarves constitutes either direct discrimination or indirect discrimination. EU Directive 2000/78 allows apparently neutral rules that particularly impact persons of a specific religion or belief only if they are "objectively justified by a legitimate aim and the means of achieving that aim are appropriate and necessary."

In one case, at issue was whether a day care center could apply such a ban to a special needs teacher. The court held the ban does not constitute direct religious discrimination "provided that that rule is applied in a general and undifferentiated way." It held that the ban would not constitute prohibited indirect discrimination if the policy meets a genuine need on the part of that employer; the difference of treatment is appropriate for the purpose of ensuring that the employer’s policy of neutrality is properly applied, and the ban is limited to what is strictly necessary.

The second case involves a sales assistant/ cashier at a drug store. The employer's policy only banned "conspicuous, large-sized political, philosophical or religious signs." The Court concluded that a ban limited to the wearing of conspicuous, large-sized signs cannot be a neutral policy since the wearing of any sign, even a small-sized one, undermines the ability ... to achieve the aim allegedly pursued and therefore calls into question the consistency of that policy of neutrality."

AP reports on the decision. [Thanks to Scott Mange for the lead.]

Friday, July 16, 2021

8th Circuit: University of Iowa Discriminated Against Christian Student Group

In Intervarsity Christian Fellowship/ USA v. University of Iowa, (8th Cir., July 16, 2021), the U.S. 8th Circuit Court of Appeals held that the University of Iowa violated the 1st Amendment rights of Intervarsity Christian Fellowship when the University applied its Human Rights Policy against ICF in a discriminatory manner. ICF required students seeking leadership positions to affirm a statement of faith based on biblical Christianity-- including the belief that same-sex relationships were against the Bible. The court said in part:

For decades, the University permitted RSOs to base their membership and leadership on religious affirmations or other traits that are protected by the Human Rights Policy.... In fact, the University still permits this; but it didn’t for InterVarsity. The district court found that the defendants likely violated BLinC’s constitutional rights and ordered the University to apply the Human Rights Policy equally to all RSOs. But instead of doing that, the University started a compliance review that prioritized religious organizations. That review led to InterVarsity’s deregistration, along with other religious groups. The University’s fervor dissipated, however, once they finished with religious RSOs. Sororities and fraternities got exemptions from the Human Rights Policy. Other groups were permitted to base membership on sex, race, veteran status, and even some religious beliefs.

Take LoveWorks, for example. It was formed by the student who was denied a leadership role in BLinC. LoveWorks requires its members and leaders to sign a “gay-affirming statement of Christian faith.’” ... Despite that requirement—which violates the Human Rights Policy just as much as InterVarsity’s—the University did nothing. 

We are hard-pressed to find a clearer example of viewpoint discrimination.

Becket issued a press release announcing the decision.

Suit Claims Change Of High School's Name Was Motivated By Anti-Catholic Sentiment

Suit was filed this week in a California state trial court challenging on Establishment Clause, as well as other, grounds the change of name of San Diego's Junipero Serra High School to Canyon Hills High School.  The complaint (full text) in Cox v.Renfree, (CA Super. Ct., filed 7/14/2021) alleges in part:

the entire effort to rebrand Junipero Serra High School has demonstrated systemic, deep-seated, anti-Catholic motivations....

The Franciscan priest, Junipero Serra, has been regarded as California's founding father. He established a Mission on the shores of San Diego Bay in 1769. The complaint in the lawsuit contends:

In the summer of 2020, Black Lives Matter protests and other demonstrations swept across the county, sparking an acute interest in Critical Race Theory and public erasure of symbols of colonialism—including Serra himself. Statues of Serra were defaced and attacked, and one of his churches was burned in an attack that represented animosity toward the Catholic faith and its role in California history. 

The complaint goes on to argue:

By selecting the rattlesnake as the school’s new mascot, which tribal members have stated is a sacred creature to their people, and removing the name of a Catholic saint from the school, Defendants are clearly endorsing and celebrating the religion of one group at the expense of another.

Thomas More Society issued a press release announcing the filing of the lawsuit.

Thursday, July 15, 2021

European Court Says Russia Violated Convention In Refusing To Register Same-Sex Unions

In Fedotova and Others v. Russia, (ECHR, July 13, 2021), the European Court of Human Rights in a Chamber Judgment held that Russia violated Article 8 (Respect For Private and Family Life) of the European Convention on Human Rights when it refused to register the marriage of same-sex couples. The Court said in part:

49.  ... Article 8 ... does not explicitly impose ... an obligation to formally acknowledge same-sex unions. However, it implies the need for striking a fair balance between the competing interests of same-sex couples and of the community as a whole....

54.  The Court notes that the protection of “traditional marriage” stipulated by the amendments to the Russian Constitution in 2020 ... is in principle weighty and legitimate interest, which may have positive effect in strengthening family unions. The Court, however, cannot discern any risks for traditional marriage which the formal acknowledgment of same-sex unions may involve, since it does not prevent different-sex couples from entering marriage, or enjoying the benefits which the marriage gives....

56.  ... [T]he respondent Government have a margin of appreciation to choose the most appropriate form of registration of same-sex unions taking into account its specific social and cultural context (for example, civil partnership, civil union, or civil solidarity act). In the present case they have overstepped that margin, because no legal framework capable of protecting the applicants’ relationships as same-sex couples has been available under domestic law.

According to Euronews, Russian authorities have rejected the Court's judgment, saying that the Court is meddling in the country's internal affairs. 

Samuels Confirmed For Second Term On EEOC

According to a press release from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the U.S. Senate yesterday confirmed the nomination of Jocelyn Samuels to serve a second term as an EEOC Commissioner. She will serve a 5-year term and continue to serve as Vice-Chair of the EEOC. Before joining the EEOC, Samuels was Executive Director of UCLA's Williams Institute which conducts research on sexual orientation and gender identity law and public policy. The EEOC enforces federal laws barring employment discrimination, including religious discrimination.

Pennsylvania Man Sentenced For Online Threats To Jewish Community

The U.S. Attorney's Office for the Middle District of Pennsylvania announced yesterday that a 32 year old Pennsylvania man has been sentenced to 18-months in prison after he pleaded guilty to one count of interstate transmission of threats to injure another person. According to the press release:

[Corbin]  Kauffman posted a digitally-created image of his own arm and hand aiming an AR-15 rifle at a congregation of praying Jewish men, gathered in a synagogue.  The threatening image came in the wake of the October 27, 2018 mass-shooting at Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.....  On the same day ..., Kauffman also shared a video of the Tree of Life shooting, as well as another post in support of the shooter [and] ... also posted multiple references to “hate crimes” and a photograph of vandalism he committed by defacing a display case at the Chabad Lubavitch Jewish Center in Ocean City, Maryland, with white supremacist and anti-Semitic stickers.

Wednesday, July 14, 2021

Teacher Who Refused To Address Transgender Students By Preferred Names Loses Title VII Suit

In Kluge v. Brownsburg Community School Corporation, (SD IN, July 12, 2021), an Indiana federal district court dismissed a suit by a former teacher who resigned rather than comply with a school policy requiring him to address transgender students by their preferred names and pronouns. Plaintiff contended that it violated his Christian religious beliefs to comply with this policy. He sued under Title VII, claiming failure to accommodate his religious beliefs and retaliation. The court said in part:

[A]  name carries with it enough importance to overcome a public school corporation's duty to accommodate a teacher's sincerely held religious beliefs against a policy that requires staff to use transgender students' preferred names when supported by a parent and health care provider. Because BCSC ... could not accommodate Mr. Kluge's religious beliefs without sustaining undue hardship, and because Mr. Kluge has failed to make a meaningful argument or adduce evidence in support of a claim for retaliation, BCSC's Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED....

Indiana Lawyer reports on the decision.

Plaintiff Lacks Standing To Challenge Michigan COVID Order Exemption For Worship Services

In Bormuth v. Whitmer, (ED MI, July 12, 2021), a Michigan federal magistrate judge denied plaintiff's motion to file a supplemental complaint in a challenge to a portion of Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer's now-rescinded COVID-19 Orders. At issue was an exemption from penalties for violation of stay-at-home orders by places of religious worship that allowed worship services, or by individuals travelling to places of worship. The court said in part:

The exemptions from prosecution for places of religious worship and their owners caused no harm to Plaintiff; if anything, they provided a protection to him. Under the exemptions, he enjoyed the freedom to practice his own religion at any indoor or outdoor “place of religious worship” without fear of prosecution....

The exemptions at issue neither established a state religion, nor favored particular religions, nor inhibited Plaintiff’s own free expression of genuinely-held religious beliefs. Indeed, the exemptions protected his expression of such beliefs....

Plaintiff’s proposed supplemental complaint still fails to demonstrate standing on the basis of a “concrete, particularized, and actual or imminent” injury... His proposed supplemental pleading will not cure the lack of justiciability identified in my prior report and recommendation.

Plaintiffs Lack Standing To Challenge "Black Lives Matter" Mural As Establishment Clause Violation

In Penkoski v. Bowser, (D DC, July 12, 2021), the D.C. federal district court held that a Black Lives Matter mural painted on DC streets was government speech, rejecting plaintiffs' claim of content discrimination in a public forum.  The court also dismissed on standing grounds plaintiffs' claim that the mural violates the Establishment Clause by promoting the religion of Secular Humanism.

Tuesday, July 13, 2021

Court Enjoins Statute Requiring Warning About Restroom Access

In Bongo Productions, LLC v. Lawrence, (MD TN, July 9, 2021), a Tennessee federal district court issued a preliminary injunction against enforcement of a recent Tennessee statute that requires businesses which allow individuals to use rest rooms consistent with their gender identity to post a sign by each rest room stating: "This facility maintains a policy of allowing the use of restrooms by either biological sex, regardless of the designation of the restroom." The court concluded that the statute violates plaintiffs' First Amendment free speech rights by compelling speech. The court said in part:

[T]here is simply no basis whatsoever for concluding that the Act is narrowly tailored to serve any compelling governmental purpose....

The defendants are right that, as the Supreme Court has held, strict scrutiny typically does not apply to laws compelling commercial actors to disclose “purely factual and uncontroversial information about the terms under which [their] services will be available.”...

The Supreme Court has expressly recognized that “sexual orientation and gender identity” are, generally speaking, “controversial subjects.”...

[P]eople on one side of a disagreement do not get to unilaterally declare their position to be uncontroversial, because that is not how the concept of “controversy” works. Put another way, the defendants might be wise to accept that, once you are in a heated argument with multiple folks about whether your position is uncontroversial, there is a good chance that you may have already lost.

Gay City News reports on the decision.

5th Circuit: Courtroom Invocations Do Not Violate Establishment Clause

In Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc. v. Mack, (5th Cir., July 9, 2021), the U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals granted a stay pending appeal of a Texas district court's declaratory judgment order which concluded that a a Justice of the Peace's program under which court sessions are opened with a prayer from a volunteer chaplain violates the Establishment Clause. (See prior posting.) Attendees may to step out of the courtroom before the ceremony if they wish. The appeals court held that official capacity claims under 42 USC §1983 are barred, and that FFRF's individual capacity claims are likely to fail. The court said in part:

The Supreme Court has held that our Nation’s history and tradition allow legislatures to use tax dollars to pay for chaplains who perform sectarian prayers before sessions. See Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783 (1983). If anything, Judge Mack’s chaplaincy program raises fewer questions under the Establishment Clause because it uses zero tax dollars and operates on a volunteer basis....

It’s true that Marsh and Town of Greece involved a legislature’s chaplains, not a justice of the peace’s chaplains. But it’s unclear why that matters, given the abundant history and tradition of courtroom prayer.

Washington Times reports on the decision.

Monday, July 12, 2021

7th Circuit En Banc: Ministerial Exception Applies To Hostile Work Environment Claims

In Demkovich v. St. Andrew the Apostle Parish, Calumet City, (7th Cir., July 9, 2021), the U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals, sitting en banc, held by a vote of 7-3 that the ministerial exception doctrine applies to protect religious organizations from  hostile work environment claims alleging minister-on-minister harassment. A 3-judge panel had reach the opposite conclusion. At issue is derogatory and demeaning comments made to the church's gay music director by the church's pastor. The majority opinion, written by Judge Brennan, said in part:

This case concerns what one minister, Reverend Dada, said to another, Demkovich. Adjudicating Demkovich’s allegations of minister-on-minister harassment would not only undercut a religious organization’s constitutionally protected relationship with its ministers, but also cause civil intrusion into, and excessive entanglement with, the religious sphere.

Judge Hamilton filed a dissenting opinion, joined by Judges Rovner and Wood, saying in part: 

[P]laintiff is not asking the court to pass on the substance of the Catholic Church’s religious doctrines or practices. Civil courts have nothing to say about whether the Church should permit same-sex marriage, for example, or whether the Church should have a hierarchical supervisory structure. The Church was free to decide whether to retain plaintiff or fire him. But plaintiff’s hostile work environment claims allege conduct that constituted abuse under neutral, generally applicable standards that would be enforceable on behalf of a non-ministerial employee. That conduct is, by definition, not necessary to control or supervise any employee.

Bloomberg Law reports on the decision.

Israel's Supreme Court Extends Surrogacy Rights To Same-Sex Couples and Single Men

As reported by AP and The Forward, Israel's Supreme Court sitting as the High Court of Justice yesterday ruled that the government must allow same-sex couples and single men to become parents through surrogate mothers on a equal basis with heterosexual couples and single women. Its ruling takes effect in 6 months, in order to give time for the creation of professional guidelines. AP explains:

The court ruled in 2020 that a surrogacy law, which had expanded access to single women but excluded gay couples, “disproportionately harmed the right to equality and the right to parenthood” and was unlawful.

It gave the government a year to draw up a new law, but parliament failed to meet the deadline.

[Thanks to Steven H. Sholk for the lead.]

Recent Articles of Interest

From SmartCILP:

  • T.J. Denley, Balancing Burdens in Religious Freedom Claims, [Abstract], 26 Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice 207-232 (2020).

Sunday, July 11, 2021

9th Circuit Hears Oral Arguments In Washington Insurance Coverage Mandate Challenge

On Friday, the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals heard oral arguments in Cedar Park Assembly of God v. Kreidler. (Video of full oral arguments.) In the case, a Washington federal district court refused to grant a preliminary injunction to a church that objects to Washington's SB 6219 which requires health insurance plans that cover maternity care to also cover abortions. A Washington federal district court had dismissed the suit on standing grounds. (See prior posting.) Washington Examiner reports on the oral arguments.

Friday, July 09, 2021

Content of Sermon Protected By Ecclesiastical Abstention Doctrine

In Hullibarger v. Archdiocese of Detroit, (MI App., July 8, 2021), a Michigan state appellate court held that the ecclesiastical abstention doctrine requires dismissal of a suit claiming that a priest's sermon at the funeral of plaintiff's son amounted to intentional infliction of emotional distress, misrepresentation and invasion of privacy. The court also held that the ecclesiastical abstention doctrine requires dismissal of  a negligent hiring, supervision and retention claim. According to the court:

Plaintiff’s son committed suicide in early December 2018, but his family kept the manner of his death from the public. Plaintiff’s pastor, defendant Father Don LaCuesta, officiated at the funeral and during his homily revealed the suicide of plaintiff’s son to the public. He then proceeded to preach about suicide as a grave sin and specifically about how it endangered the immortal soul of plaintiff’s son.

Enforcement of Islamic Pre-Nup Challenged On Appeal

An appeal was filed last month in a Texas state appellate court challenging a trial court's enforcement of an arbitration clause in an Islamic pre-nuptial agreement. The petition for a writ of mandamus in In re Ayad, (TX App., filed 6/22/2021) (full text) contends that the agreement is void as a matter of law and against public policy, and was involuntarily executed. The petition contends in part:

The trial court clearly abused its discretion in failing to properly analyze the law when it validated and enforced the Islamic Pre-Nuptial Agreement and compelled arbitration in front of a Muslim Court applying solely Islamic Law....

[Thanks to Eugene Volokh via  Religionlaw for the lead.]

Dismissal Of Suit Against Trump For Promoting Religion Affirmed By Delaware Supreme Court

In Kelly v. Trump,(DE Sup. Ct., July 7, 2021), the Delaware Supreme Court affirmed the dismissal on standing grounds of two claims in a suit against then-President Donald Trump contending that he created the illusion of government sponsorship of religion, The court also affirmed the refusal to allow plaintiff to substitute President Biden as defendant because he allowed Executive Order 13798 to remain in effect.  According to the court:

[Plaintiff]  contends that the executive order “require[s] government organizations and agents to partner with churches to pay churches to perform government business for the government....  She states that the “churches create the illusion of charity while serving business greed” and that she “believe[s] people will be damned to hell for thinking business greed is charity.”...

Kelly’s claim is manifestly without merit. Contrary to her assertion, Executive Order 13798, on its face, does not prescribe any partnership between the government and any religious organization.

Thursday, July 08, 2021

5th Circuit: Ban On Proselytizing At Outdoor Market Violates Free Speech Rigths

In Denton v. City of El Paso, Texas, (5th Cir., July 6, 2021), the U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals remanded the case to a Texas federal district court ordering it to grant a preliminary injunction barring El Paso from prohibiting religious proselytizing at the weekly outdoor El Paso Art and Farmers Market. The city's rules bar fundraising, political campaigning and religious proselytizing from the market. The court held that these exclusions are content-based, and concluded:

It is unclear whether the City has asserted a compelling government interest. We need not decide this issue because, even assuming that it did assert a compelling government interest, a prior restraint of speech based on a viewpoint is unlikely to be the least restrictive means of regulation available.

Parents Who Headed Capital Drive Sue Catholic School For Straying From Mainstream Catholicism

Suit was filed in a Florida state trial court last month by the parents of two Catholic school students who were the joint chairs of the school's $9 million capital campaign. They had personally pledged over $1.35 million to the campaign and paid a portion of that pledge. They now seek to have the court declare the pledge null and void, and order return to them of pledged amounts already paid, as well as tuition paid for their daughters. The complaint (full text) in Scarpo v. Academy of the Holy Names of Florida, Inc., (FL Cir. Ct., filed 6/26/2021), alleges in part:

[I]n Defendants' zeal to embrace the politically correct, "woke" culture currently in vogue, the Defendants breached Defendants' promises to provide Plaintiffs minor children with a Cahtolic [sic.] Education in return for Plaintiffs paying tuition and fund-raising for the Academy of the Holy Names....

[T]he Academy lost its way, distancing itself from mainstream Catholicism, and embracing the new, politically correct, divisive and "woke" culture where gender identity, human sexuality, and pregnancy termination among other "hot-button issues," took center stage and mainstream Catholicism and Catholic Catechism were relegated to what was billed as an unfortunate past deserving of its Students guilt for not having been "woke" sooner.

Friendly Atheist blog reports on the case, as does AP.

Wednesday, July 07, 2021

5th Circuit Hears Arguments From Judge Who Refuses To Officiate At Same-Sex Weddings

 Yesterday, the U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals heard oral arguments in Umphress v. Hall. (Audio of full oral arguments.) In the case, a Texas federal district court dismissed on standing and ripeness grounds (Umphress v. Hall,(ND TX, Nov. 10, 2020), a suit by a Texas judge who was seeking to prevent future action by the State Commission on Judicial Conduct against judges who refuse to officiatae at same-sex weddings. Bloomberg Law reports on the case.

Social Work Applicant Moves Ahead On Religious Discrimination Claim

In Weiss v. City University of New York, (SD NY, filed 7/2/2021), a New York federal district court refused to dismiss certain of plaintiff's equal protection and Establishment Clause claims. Plaintiff alleged that she was denied admission to the University's social work program because officials weeded out Jews from a religious background, believing they are too conservative to be social workers.

Alaska Homeless Shelter Challenges City's Public Accommodation Law

Last week, an Anchorage, Alaska women's homeless shelter filed suit in an Alaska federal district court contending that the city's recently amended public accommodation law that requires it to house transgender women violates the shelter's 1st and 14th Amendment rights.  The law prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex or gender identity. The complaint (full text) in Downtown Soup Kitchen v. Municipality of Anchorage, (D AK, filed 6/30/2021), says in part:

Defendants insist Hope Center’s religious beliefs— specifically, its beliefs about sexuality and gender—are discriminatory and deserving of punishment. In Defendants’ view, providing charitable shelter exclusively to vulnerable women is unlawful sex and gender-identity discrimination....

Because of its religious beliefs and desire to create a safe and secure environment, Hope Center allows only biological women to stay overnight at the shelter....

No Hope Center policy prohibits biological women who identify as men from accessing the shelter....

ADF issued a press release announcing the filing of the lawsuit.

Tuesday, July 06, 2021

State Department Will Accommodate LGBTQI+ Citizens In Passport Designations

The U.S. State Department in a press release dated June 30 announced: 

the Department will be taking further steps toward ensuring the fair treatment of LGBTQI+ U.S. citizens, regardless of their gender or sex, by beginning the process of updating our procedures for the issuance of U.S. Passports and Consular Reports of Birth Abroad (CRBA).

Most immediately, we will be updating our procedures to allow applicants to self-select their gender as “M” or “F” and will no longer require medical certification if an applicant’s self-selected gender does not match the gender on their other citizenship or identity documents.  The Department has begun moving towards adding a gender marker for non-binary, intersex, and gender non-conforming persons applying for a passport or CRBA.  We are evaluating the best approach to achieve this goal.

TLDEF issued a press release reacting to the announcement.

Monday, July 05, 2021

Recent Articles of Interest

From SSRN:

From SmartCILP and elsewhere:

Ohio Enacts Conscience Protections For Medical Personnel and Institutions

On July 1, Ohio Governor Mike DeWine signed Am. Sub. House Bill 110, Ohio's Budget bill. (Signing ceremony.) Included in the 2438-page bill is a provision providing conscience protections for health care practitioners, institutions and insurers (at pg. 1453- 1455, enacting ORC Sec. 4743.10). The new section reads in part:

Notwithstanding any conflicting provision of the Revised Code, a medical practitioner, health care institution, or health care payer has the freedom to decline to perform, participate in, or pay for any health care service which violates the practitioner's, institution's, or payer's conscience as informed by the moral, ethical, or religious beliefs or principles held by the practitioner, institution, or payer. Exercise of the right of conscience is limited to conscience-based objections to a particular health care service.

... When possible and when the medical practitioner is willing, the medical practitioner shall seek to transfer the patient to a colleague who will provide the requested health care service. If participation in a transfer of care for a particular health care service violates the medical practitioner's beliefs or convictions or no willing colleague is identified, the patient shall be notified and provided the opportunity to seek an alternate medical practitioner. Upon patient request, the patient's medical records shall be promptly released to the patient.

The law provides for treble damage actions and injunctive relief for medical personnel where the new conscience provisions have been violated.

Metro Weekly reports on the enactment of this provision. [Thanks to Scott Mange for the lead.]

Wisconsin Supreme Court Interprets Statute Limiting School Aid To One Area School Of Each Denomination

In St. Augustine School v. Taylor, (WI Sup. Ct., July 2, 2021), the Wisconsin Supreme Court answered a certified question from the U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals on how to apply a state statute regarding transportation aid to parochial schools. Under Wis. Stat. §§ 121.51 and 121.54, private schools can receive funding for transporting children to school, but in each attendance area only one school affiliated with each religious denomination can get funding. At issue in this case is how a court is to determine whether two Catholic schools in the same area are affiliated with the same denomination.  The court concluded:

... [I]n determining whether schools are "affiliated with the same religious denomination" pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 121.51, the Superintendent is not limited to consideration of a school's corporate documents exclusively. In conducting a neutral and secular inquiry, the Superintendent may also consider the professions of the school with regard to the school's self-identification and affiliation, but the Superintendent may not conduct any investigation or surveillance with respect to the school's religious beliefs, practices, or teachings.

Justice Roggensack filed a concurring opinion arguing that whether both schools are "affiliated" with the Archdiocese of Milwaukee depends on whether there is a mutual organizational relationship between the schools and the Archdiocese.

Justice Hagedorn filed a concurring opinion, saying in part:

[A] "religious denomination" is an organizational entity, not a synonym for religious faith generally. Thus, when Wis. Stat. § 121.51(1) asks whether two schools are "affiliated with the same religious denomination," the question is not whether both schools share the same creed, but whether they are both affiliated with a particular kind of religious organization——a religious denomination.

Justice Bradley filed a dissenting opinion arguing that the provision denying benefits where two religious schools serve overlapping attendance areas is unconstitutional, saying in part:

On its face, § 121.51(1) denies a public benefit only to students attending religious schools in overlapping attendance areas. Private but secular schools located in overlapping attendance areas are not disqualified from receiving benefits on this basis. Denying an otherwise publicly available benefit on account of religious identity violates the First Amendment to the United States Constitution....

 Any governmental overriding of a religious school's profession of independence from the "religious denomination" of another school ... would "require us to rule that some religious adherents misunderstand their own religious beliefs. We think such an approach cannot be squared with the Constitution or with our precedents, and that it would cast the Judiciary in a role that [courts] were never intended to play."

Sunday, July 04, 2021

Supreme Court GVR's Amish Families' Challenge To Septic Tank Requirements

On Friday, in Mast v. Fillmore County, Minnesota, (Sup. Ct., July 2, 2021), the U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari, summarily vacated the judgment of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, and remanded for consideration in light of the Court's recent decision in Fulton v. Philadelphia, the case of Amish families who object to state sewage system regulations. In the case, the Minnesota appellate court rejected claims by Swartzentruber Amish community members that laws requiring them to install septic systems to dispose of their waste water violate their rights under the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act. (See prior posting.) 

Two Justices filed opinions concurring in the Court's action. Justice Alito in a brief opinion said that the lower court "plainly misinterpreted and misapplied" RLUIPA. Justice Gorsuch, in a longer concurring opinion, said in part:

Perhaps most notably, the County and courts below erred by treating the County’s general interest in sanitation regulations as “compelling” without reference to the specific application of those rules to this community. As Fulton explains, strict scrutiny demands “a more precise analysis.”

Supreme Court Denies Cert. In Case of Florist's Refusal To Provide Flowers For Same-Sex Wedding

On Friday, the U.S. Supreme Court, by a vote of 6-3, denied review in the long-running case of Arlene's Flowers, Inc. v. Washington,  (Docket No. 19-333, certiorari denied 7/2/2021). (Order List.) Justices Thomas, Alito and Gorsuch would have granted review.  In the case, the Washington state Supreme Court held that a florist shop's refusal to provide flowers for a same-sex wedding constitutes sexual orientation discrimination under the Washington Law Against Discrimination, and that enforcement of the law does not violate the constitutional rights of the floral shop owner. (See prior posting.)

Saturday, July 03, 2021

Supreme Court Grants Cert. In Maine Case On Tuition Vouchers For Sectarian Schools

The U.S. Supreme Court on Friday granted review in Carson v. Makin, (Docket No. 20-1088, certiorari granted 7/2/2021). (Order List.) In the case, the U.S. 1st Circuit Court of Appeals upheld Maine's statutory provisions that pay tuition to out-of-district public or private high schools for students whose districts do not operate a high school. However, to qualify to receive tuition assistance payments, a private school must be non-sectarian. Schools that provide religious instruction do not qualify. (See prior posting.) The SCOTUSblog case page has links to the briefs and other filings in the case.

Friday, July 02, 2021

5th Circuit Refuses To Dismiss Suit Against Teacher Who Required Writing The Pledge

In Oliver v. Arnold, (5th Cir., June 29, 2021), the U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals, in a 2-1 decision  dismissed a high school teacher's appeal of a Texas federal district court's refusal to grant his summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds. The suit was brought by his former student who refused on religious grounds to recite the Pledge of Allegiance. The student alleged that the teacher attempted to require her to transcribe the Pledge and when she refused, he continued to retaliate against her in class. The majority said in part:

Because Arnold seeks to have this court resolve the very factual disputes that the district court found to be genuine and properly submitted for trial on the merits, which we do not have jurisdiction to do, we grant Oliver’s motion and DISMISS the appeal.

Judge Duncan dissented, saying in part:

[C]onsider the implications of the majority’s approach. It sends to trial a § 1983 claim based on a student’s objection to a written assignment, merely because there is a question about the teacher’s motive for giving it. One can imagine where this approach might lead. It is not a happy place.

Thursday, July 01, 2021

Supreme Court Strikes Down California Donor Disclosure Rules

The U.S. Supreme Court today in Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta, (Sup. Ct., July 1,2021), held unconstitutional California's requirement that charitable organizations soliciting funds in the state disclose their major donors to the state Attorney General. In a 6-3 opinion written by Chief Justice Roberts, the Court said in part:

We are left to conclude that the Attorney General’s disclosure requirement imposes a widespread burden on donors’ associational rights. And this burden cannot be justified on the ground that the regime is narrowly tailored to investigating charitable wrongdoing, or that the State’s interest in administrative convenience is sufficiently important. We therefore hold that the up-front collection of Schedule Bs is facially unconstitutional, because it fails exacting scrutiny in “a substantial number of its applications . . . judged in relation to [its] plainly legitimate sweep.

Justice Thomas filed a concurring opinion. Justice Alito, joined by Justice Gorsuch, filed a concurring opinion. Justice Sotomayor, joined by Justices Breyer and Kagan, dissented, saying in part:

Today, the Court holds that reporting and disclosure requirements must be narrowly tailored even if a plaintiff demonstrates no burden at all. The same scrutiny the Court applied when NAACP members in the Jim Crow South did not want to disclose their membership for fear of reprisals and violence now applies equally in the case of donors only too happy to publicize their names across the websites and walls of the organizations they support. 

SCOTUSblog reports on the decision in greater detail.