5th Circuit Hears Arguments on FDA Approval of Abortion Drug

Yesterday the U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals heard oral arguments (audio of full arguments) in Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. Food & Drug Administration.  In the case, a Texas federal district court held that plaintiffs have a substantial likelihood of success on their claim that the FDA's 2021 action allowing the abortion drug mifepristone to be distributed by mail violates the Comstock Act and thus was also in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act. The court also concluded that the FDA's approval in 2000 of doctors prescribing mifepristone violated the agency's rules for approval of new drugs. (See prior posting.) Last month, the U.S. Supreme Court granted a stay of the district court's order that is to last until appeals to both the 5th Circuit and the Supreme Court have run their course. (See prior posting.)  CNN reports on yesterday's oral arguments.

Texas Legislature Passes Law Banning Gender-Affirming Health Care for Individuals Under 18

Yesterday the Texas legislature gave final approval to SB 14 (full text) which prohibits the provision of gender transitioning or gender reassignment procedures to individuals under 18 years of age. The bill bars both surgeries and puberty suppression or blockers. The state medical board is required to revoke the license of any physician who violates the treatment ban. Texas Governor Greg Abbott is expected to sign the bill.  AP reports on the bill's passage.

Establishment Clause Challenge to Transcendental Meditation Program in High School Moves Ahead

In Williams v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago, (ND IL, May 16, 2023), an Illinois federal district court refused to grant summary judgment to either side on an Establishment Clause challenge to a high school's elective instruction in Transcendental Meditation brought by former student Amonte Williams.  The court said in part:

[T]here is evidence that a Transcendental Meditation instructor separated Williams from his classmates and brought him individually to a different classroom for the initiation. A reasonable jury could find that Williams, having arguably signed up to be trained in Transcendental Meditation, was then required to observe a religious ceremony in order to learn meditation and was misled about the ceremony's religious nature. The scenario as presented by Williams differs from the school prayer cases ... because there was no imposition or mention of any specific beliefs by the defendants. But the initiation ceremony distinguishes this situation from those cases involving the simple practice of Yoga in schools.... The evidence in this record— most notably the details of the initiation ceremony—suggest that a reasonable jury could find that the Transcendental Meditation training as implemented was religious in nature or at least included a required religious ceremony....

... A reasonable jury could find that Williams felt pressured to support the purportedly religious aspects of Transcendental Meditation during the initiation ceremony, when he saw various items placed around a picture of a teacher of Transcendental Meditation while the instructor spoke in a language he did not understand. It is less clear whether Williams would have felt pressured to support the instructor-led meditation in the classrooms.... [T]he Court denies the defendants' motion for summary judgment.... To the extent that Williams intended to move for summary judgment on his Establishment Clause claim ...,  the Court denies the motion. The reason is that a reasonable jury could find that there was no "captive audience," that the initiation ceremony was not religious in nature, or that Williams did not feel pressured to support any religious aspects of the program.

7th Grader Sues Over School's Hate Speech Dress Code

Suit was filed yesterday in a Massachusetts federal district court challenging the Middleborough school district's Dress Code which provides:

Clothing must not state, imply, or depict hate speech or imagery that target groups based on race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, religious affiliation, or any other classification.

The complaint (full text) in Morrison v. Town of Middleborough, (ED MA, filed 5/17/2023), alleges that a 7th-grader's free speech rights were violated when he was not permitted to attend classes wearing a T-shirt carrying the message, "There are only two genders". Two weeks later he came to school wearing a shirt with the message, "There are censored genders". He was also barred from wearing this shirt.  The complaint alleges in part:

101. As Defendants interpret their Speech Policy, some viewpoints on the topic of “gender identity or expression” are permitted while some viewpoints on the same topic are prohibited. In particular, speech expressing the viewpoint that there are only two genders is prohibited, while speech expressing the viewpoint that gender is fluid and is on a spectrum is permitted....

135. Defendants’ censorship of Liam’s shirts while permitting shirts and other apparel with different messages on related topics is viewpoint discrimination, which is unconstitutional in any type of forum....

153. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the government from censoring speech pursuant to vague standards that grant enforcement officials unbridled discretion.

154. The arbitrary determination by school officials of what is and is not “hate speech,” what speech “targets” a specific group, or what speech is “unacceptable to community standards” violates this norm.

ADF issued a press release announcing the filing of the lawsuit.

North Carolina Legislature Overrides Veto of Abortion Law

 The North Carolina legislature last night voted to override Governor Roy Cooper's veto of Senate Bill 20 which imposes elaborate new restrictions on abortions in the state, summarized in this prior posting. 

Reuters reports on the legislature's action.

Air Force Announces Portal To Process Religious Exemption Requests

The U.S. Air Force announced last week that it has developed a Portal to streamline requests for religious accommodation filed by Air Force, Space Force, and civilian employees, as well as appeals from denials of requests. According to an Air Force official:

The service has seen an exponential increase in religious accommodation requests, and the portal offers a systemic automated solution to ensure our servicemembers and civilians are assisted in the most expeditious manner going forward.

The Air Force has been embroiled in litigation filed by service members seeking religious exemptions from the military's COVID vaccine mandate. (See prior posting.)

9th Circuit Remands Employees' Challenge to Vaccine Exemption Denial

In Keene v. City and County of San Francisco, (9th Cir., May 15, 2023), the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals reversed and remanded a decision from a California federal district court that denied preliminary relief to two city and county employees who were denied religious exemptions from CCSF's COVID vaccine mandate. The appeals court said in part:

The district court erroneously concluded that “[n]either Plaintiff has demonstrated that their religious beliefs are sincere or that those beliefs conflict with receiving the COVID-19 vaccine...."...

Beyond the district court’s factual error, its decision reflects a misunderstanding of Title VII law. A religious belief need not be consistent or rational to be protected under Title VII, and an assertion of a sincere religious belief is generally accepted.... 

The district court did not explain its conclusion that Appellants had not established sincerity beyond stating that there are “no grounds upon which to assert the mistaken conclusion that the FDA-approved vaccines . . . are . . . derived from murdered babies” and generally stating that personal preferences are not sincere religious beliefs. And CCSF offered no argument or evidence that Appellants’ beliefs are insincere. Absent any indication otherwise, it seems that the district court erroneously held that Appellants had not asserted sincere religious beliefs because their beliefs were not scientifically accurate. Remand is warranted for the district court to reevaluate Appellants’ claims applying the proper failure-to-accommodate inquiry....

Courthouse News Service reports on the decision.

DOE Updates Guidance on Prayer In Public Schools

Yesterday, the U.S. Department of Education issued an updated Guidance on Constitutionally Protected Prayer and Religious Expression in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools. The Guidance document points out that the Elementary and Secondary Education Act requires the Secretary of Education to issue such guidance to state and local education agencies, and local agencies must certify that they do not have policies that deny participation in constitutionally protected prayer. The Guidance reads in part:

Teachers, school administrators, and other school employees may not encourage or discourage private prayer or other religious activity.

The Constitution does not, however, prohibit school employees themselves from engaging in private prayer during the workday where they are not acting in their official capacities and where their prayer does not result in any coercion of students. Before school or during breaks, for instance, teachers may meet with other teachers for prayer or religious study to the same extent that they may engage in other conversation or nonreligious activities. School employees may also engage in private religious expression or brief personal religious observance during such times, subject to the same neutral rules the school applies to other private conduct by its employees. Employees engaging in such expression or observance may not, however, compel, coerce, persuade, or encourage students to join in the employee's prayer or other religious activity, and a school may take reasonable measures to ensure that students are not pressured or encouraged to join in the private prayer of their teachers or coaches.

Americans United issued a press release welcoming the updated Guidance.

State Department Releases 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom

Yesterday the U.S. State Department released its 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom (full text). The Report describes the status of religious freedom in 196 countries. The Report is submitted annually to Congress in compliance with the International Religious Freedom Act. Secretary of State Blinken, announcing release of the report, said in part:

Over the past year we’ve seen real progress in some parts of the world on expanding religious freedom as people demanded their rights.  Civil society groups pushed for change and governments listened.

Unfortunately, the report also documents the continuation and, in some instances, the rise of very troubling trends.  Governments in many parts of the world continue to target religious minorities using a host of methods, including torture, beatings, unlawful surveillance, and so-called re-education camps.  They also continued to engage in other forms of discrimination on the basis of faith or lack of faith, like excluding religious minorities from certain professions or forcing them to work during times of religious observance.

Governments use anti-conversion, blasphemy, apostasy laws, which ban the act of leaving a faith, to justify harassment against those who don’t follow their particular interpretation of a theology, often weaponizing those laws against humanists, atheists, and LGBTQI+ individuals....

In a press release, the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom reacted to the State Department's Report.

Recent Articles of Interest

From SSRN:

• Raphaële Xenidis, Intersectionality from Critique to Practice: Towards An Intersectional Discrimination Test in the Context of ‘Neutral Dress Codes’, (European Equality Law Review 2/2022).
• Brian Hutler, Public Health Deference: Rethinking the Judicial Enforcement of Constitutional Rights during a Pandemic, (Syracuse Law Review, Vol. 73, No. 1, 2023).
• Bruno Santos Cunha & Renato Saeger Magalhaes Costa, Brazilian Supreme Court to Judge whether Jehovah’S Witnesses May Refuse Blood Transfusions Occasionally Needed after or during Surgical Procedures,( 2023).
• Leonardo Madio & Francesco Principe, Who Supports Liberal Policies? A Tale of Two Referendums in Italy (May 10, 2023).
• Naeem Rind & Danish Ahmed Siddiqui, A Comparative Analysis of Jurisprudence: Common, Muslim, Jewish and Civil Laws, (April 28, 2023).
• Michael P. Moreland, Response: Contingency and Contestation in Christianity and Liberalism, (Notre Dame Law Review, Forthcoming).
• Michael P., Moreland, Germaneness and Religious Liberty, (Notre Dame Law Review, Forthcoming).
• Michael P. Moreland, Christianity and Torts, (Forthcoming in John Witte, Jr. and Rafael Domingo, eds., Oxford Handbook on Christianity and Law (Oxford University Press, 2023)).
• Jamie R. Abrams, Re-evaluating Regional Law Reform Strategies After Dobbs, (ConLawNOW, Vol. 14, 2023).
• Hisham Ul Wahab Puthiyakath, Islamophobia: Discourse, Recognition and Implications, (March 30, 2023).

From SmartCILP:

• Dennis P. Petri & Marlies Glasius, Vulnerability and Active Religious Behavior: Christians and Crime Syndicates in Mexico, 44 Human Rights Quarterly 514-536 (2022).
• Frank S. Ravitch, Contextual Benefits of a Neutral Principles Approach to Religious Property Disputes, 2021 Michigan State Law Review 1347-1376 (2021).
• Anita Bernstein, Without Religion, W(h)ither Family Law?, 2021 Michigan State Law Review 1489-1528 (2021).

North Carolina Governor Vetoes New Abortion Restrictions

Yesterday, North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper vetoed (veto message) (press release) Senate Bill 20 (full text) which imposed numerous new restrictions on abortions.  According to the General Asembly Conference Committee's summary of the bill:

Part I of the Conference Committee Substitute to Senate Bill 20 would repeal and replace the current abortion law in North Carolina. Under the new law, abortion would be permitted through the first twelve weeks of pregnancy for any reason, through the twentieth week of pregnancy if the pregnancy resulted from rape or incest, through the twenty-fourth week of pregnancy if there is a life-limiting anomaly in the unborn child, and at any time if there is a medical emergency for the pregnant woman. Part I would also criminalize the provision or advertising of abortion-inducing drugs in certain circumstances, prohibit eugenic abortions, and establish informed consent and reporting requirements for abortion.

NPR reports on the governor's action, saying that now a veto override battle will take place in the legislature.

Montana Supreme Court: State Constitution Protects Abortion Care by Advance Practice Registered Nurses

In Weems v. State of Montana, (MT Sup. Ct., May 12, 2023), the Montana Supreme Court held that a 2005 Montana statute that bars Advance Practice Registered Nurses from delivering abortion care violates the Montana Constitution.  The court summarized its decision:

Article II, Section 10, of the Montana Constitution guarantees a woman a fundamental right of privacy to seek abortion care from a qualified health care provider of her choosing, absent a clear demonstration of a medically acknowledged, bona fide health risk. The State has failed to meet its burden of demonstrating that APRN-FNPs and APRN-CNMs providing abortion care present a medically acknowledged, bona fide health risk. The State has failed to present any evidence that demonstrates abortions performed by APRNs include more risk than those provided by physicians or PAs. The State has failed to identify any reason why APRNs should be restricted from providing abortions, and thus failed to articulate a medically acknowledged, bona fide health risk. The District Court correctly determined that no genuine dispute of material fact exists regarding the safety and efficacy of APRNs providing early abortion care. Accordingly, § 50-20-109(1)(a), MCA, is an unconstitutional interference with a woman’s right of privacy to seek medical care from a qualified provider of her choice.

Law & Crime reports on the decision.

New Florida Law Protects Conscience Rights of Health Care Providers

 Yesterday Florida Governor Ron DeSantis signed Senate Bill 1580 (full text) which protects conscience rights of health care providers and insurers. The law provides in part:

It is the intent of the Legislature to provide the right of medical conscience for health care providers and payors to ensure they can care for patients in a manner consistent with their moral, ethical, and religious convictions. Further, it is the intent of the Legislature that licensed health care providers and payors be free from threat of discrimination for providing conscience-based health care....

 A health care provider or health care payor has the right to opt out of participation in or payment for any health care service on the basis of a conscience-based objection....

A board ... may not take disciplinary action against a health care practitioner’s license or deny a license to an individual solely because the individual has spoken or written publicly about a health care service or public policy, including, but not limited to, speech through the use of a social media platform ... provided that the individual is not using such speech or written communication to provide medical advice or treatment to a specific patient or patients....

Pensacola News Journal reports on the new law.

8th Circuit Upholds Constitutionality of Federal Ban on Damaging Religious Real Property

In United States v. Hari, (8th Cir., May 10, 2023), the U.S. 8th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the constitutionality under the Commerce Clause of 18 USC §247.  The statute bars damaging religious real property because of the religious character of the property, and bars obstructing a person's enjoyment of free exercise of religion by force or threat of force against them or against religious real property, when the person's conduct affects interstate commerce. The court said in part:

Here, the statute specifically requires that the offense “affects interstate or foreign commerce.” This “ensures, through a case-by-case inquiry, that each defendant’s [offense] affected interstate commerce.”

The court also upheld defendant's conviction under 18 USC § 924(c)(1) for carrying or using a destructive device during and in relation to any crime of violence.  The conduct for which defendant was convicted was described by the court:

In August 2017, Emily Hari loaded a pickup truck with a 20 pound pipe bomb, two assault rifles, and a sledgehammer and drove with two confederates from Illinois to the Dar al-Farooq Islamic Center in Bloomington, Minnesota. The trio smashed a window of the Imam’s office before the parishioners’ dawn prayer and threw gasoline, diesel fuel, and the pipe bomb inside. The bomb detonated. No one was injured; the building suffered fire and smoke damage. Hari and the others fled.

Alabama Law Protects Identity of Donors, Supporters, Volunteers and Members of Non-Profits

Yesterday, Alabama Governor Kay Ivey signed S-59, The Personal Privacy Protection Act (full text). The new law prohibits any governmental agency from requiring disclosure of, or from releasing information about, the identity any member. supporter, volunteer, or donor of a non-profit organization.  It also bars requiring any current or prospective contractor or grantee to disclose non-profits to which it has donated or provided support. The Act contains a number of exceptions, including required disclosures under campaign finance laws.  Indiana has recently enacted a similar statute. (See prior posting.) ADF issued a press release announcing the signing of the law.

European Court: Finland May Require Jehovah's Witnesses to Obtain Consent Before Taking Notes on Those They Visit

In Jehovah's Witnesses v. Finland, (ECHR, May 9, 2023), the European Court of Human Rights held that Finland's data collection regulations did not infringe the religious freedom protected by Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights of Jehovah's Witnesses who proselytized door-to-door.  At issue was notes taken by Jehovah's Witnesses in the course of their door-to-door preaching identifying those who did not wish to be visited again, and those who are deaf or spoke a foreign language so Witnesses who knew sign language or the relevant foreign language could visit in the future. Finland's Data Protection Ombudsman had held that this personal data could not be collected without the explicit consent of the person in question. Upholding that determination, the court said in part:

The relevant order had been based on the Personal Data Act in force at the time of the proceedings. That law was formulated with sufficient precision and aimed to protect the rights and freedoms of others. The Supreme Administrative Court had taken into account the fact that individuals whose personal data had been collected were entitled to trust that their data were not collected without their knowledge and consent. They also had a legitimate expectation, guaranteed by law, that they would have access to the data and, if necessary, the right to require that the data be corrected or deleted. Ensuring the rights of data subjects therefore inspired confidence rather than distrust in the applicant community’s activities. The consent requirement and the fact that it did not interfere with the core areas of the applicant community’s freedom of religion or freedom of expression had thus been proportionate.

Courthouse News Service reports on the decision.

EEOC Sues IHOP Restaurant for Failing to Accommodate Cook's Religious Beliefs

The EEOC announced yesterday that it has filed a Title VII religious discrimination suit in a North Carolina federal district court against a Charlotte, North Carolina IHOP restaurant operated by Suncakes, LLC.  The EEOC charged that the restaurant failed to reasonably accommodate an employee's religious exercise:

... Suncakes hired a cook ... in January 2021. At the time of hire, the employee requested and was granted a religious accommodation of not working on Sundays to honor his religious observances. After a change in management in April 2021, the new general manager expressed hostility toward the accommodation and required the employee to work on Sunday, April 25 and Sunday, May 9. After the May 9 shift, the employee told the general manager he would not be working the following Sunday. The general manager refused to allow the employee to work his next scheduled shift and fired him. The manager then made comments to other employees such as, “religion should not take precedence over [the employee’s] job”” and that the employee “thinks it is more important to go to church than to pay his bills.”

Satanic Temple Sues to Deliver Invocation at Chicago City Council

The Satanic Temple filed suit last week in an Illinois federal district court challenging the city's exclusion of its clergy from delivering an invocation before Chicago City Council.  The complaint (full text) in The Satanic Temple, Inc. v. City of Chicago, (ND IL, filed 5/3/2023) alleges in part:

2. The City of Chicago has a longstanding practice of inviting clergy to open each meeting of its City Council with a prayer. 

3. Plaintiffs, The Satanic Temple Inc. (“TST”), and Adam Vavrick, an ordained minister of the Satanic Temple and a leader of TST’s Illinois congregation, seek to take part in this time-honored tradition by delivering an invocation before a City Council meeting. For more than three years, the City has rebuffed Plaintiffs’ efforts to provide an invocation without providing any clear explanation of why. 

4. The City’s practices with regard to invocations before City Council violate the First Amendment in two ways:

first, the City violates the First Amendment’s establishment clause by excluding disfavored minority faiths from the opportunity to provide an invocation; and 

second, the City grants the City Clerk unconstrained discretion to decide who can and cannot deliver an invocation because it lacks any standards for selection of clergy to give invocations and has not established a uniform process for members of the clergy to apply to give an invocation.

Reason reports on the lawsuit.

Teachers Sue Over School District's Policy on Transgender Students

Suit was filed last month in a California federal district court by two middle school teachers who claim that their school district's policy on dealing with transgender students violates their free speech and free exercise rights, as well as the rights of parents.  The complaint (full text) in Mirabelli v. Olson, (SD CA, filed 4/27/2023), alleges in part:

According to EUSD’s policies, all elementary and middle school teachers must unhesitatingly accept a child’s assertion of a transgender or gender diverse identity, and must “begin to treat the student immediately” according to their asserted gender identity. “There’s no requirement for parent or caretaker agreement or even for knowledge.”... There is absolutely no room for discussion, polite disagreement, or even questioning whether the child is sincere or acting on a whim. 

... Once a child’s social transitioning has begun, EUSD elementary and middle school teachers must ensure that parents do not find out. EUSD’s policies state that “revealing a student’s transgender status to individuals who do not have a legitimate need for the information, without the student’s consent” is prohibited, and “parents or caretakers” are, according to EUSD, individuals who “do not have a legitimate need for the information,” irrespective of the age of the student or the specific facts of the situation....

Faced with EUSD’s immoral policies deceiving parents, both Mrs. Mirabelli and Mrs. West sought an accommodation that would allow them to act in the best interests of the children in their care—as required by their moral and religious convictions....

Mrs. Mirabelli’s and Mrs. West’s request was flatly denied.

The two plaintiffs devised a "joint statement of faith" for purposes of the lawsuit, even though they come from different religious traditions. One is Roman Catholic and the other a "devout Christian."  They alleged:

Plaintiffs’ faith teaches that God immutably creates each person as male or female; these two distinct, complementary sexes reflect the image of God; and rejection of one’s biological sex is a rejection of the image of God within that person.

... Plaintiffs also believe that they cannot affirm as true those ideas and concepts that they believe are not true, nor can they aid and abet the deception of others. Doing so, they believe, would violate biblical commands against dishonesty and lying.

Fox News reports on the lawsuit.

Oakland Catholic Diocese Files for Chapter 11 Reorganization.

The Catholic Diocese of Oakland, California announced yesterday that it is filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization, saying in part:

The filing is necessary in light of the more than 330 lawsuits alleging child sexual abuse brought against RCBO under a recent California statute that allowed decades-old claims otherwise time barred and expired to be filed....

Most of the claims brought under the most recent California statute stem from allegations of sexual abuse that occurred in the 1960s, 70s, and 80s by priests who are no longer active in ministry and/or deceased. Chapter 11 is a court-supervised, transparent process that allows for the evaluation of the merits of each claim and gives claimants a say in the outcome and visibility into the proceedings and RCBO’s finances. With the Chapter 11 filing, legal actions against RCBO will stop, allowing RCBO to develop a plan of reorganization, based on assets and insurance coverage available to be used to settle claims with abuse survivors.

Catholic schools that operate in the diocese are separate entities and are not included in the bankruptcy filing.

Recent Articles of Interest

From SSRN:

• Elana Falletti, The Reformation and the Marriage: the Duty of Fidelity and Adultery, ( 2023).
• Mridusmita Baruah, The Jurisprudence of Human Rights in the Vicinity of Religion, (April 21, 2023).
• Ann Schiavone, A "Mere Shadow" of a Conflict: Obscuring the Establishment Clause in Kennedy v. Bremerton, (Duquesne University Law Review, Vol. 61, No. 1, 2023).
• Hila Keren, 303 Creative v Elenis: What's Wrong with Preemtive Litigation of Discrimination, (May 2, 2023).
• Mugambi Jouet, A History of Post-Roe America and Canada: From Intertwined Abortion Battles to American Exceptionalism, (Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, Forthcoming).
• Robin S. Maril, From Liberation To (Re)Criminalization: Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, Bodily Autonomy, and the Expansion of State Rights, (SMU L. Rev., Forthcoming).
• Zachary Garrett, The Ghost of Gilbert: Title VII Abortion Discrimination Actions After Dobbs, (University of St. Thomas Law Journal, Forthcoming).
• Hila Keren, Beyond Discrimination: Market Humiliation and Private Law, (University of Colorado Law Review, Forthcoming).

From SSRN (Islam and Islamic Law):

• A.F.M. Maniruzzaman, Islamic Finance and Dispute Resolution - An Introduction, (Transnational Dispute Management - TDM 6 (2022)).
• Ruta Prabudesai, Richa Dwivedi & Varun Sharma, Comparison of Hindu and Muslim Personal Laws with Goa’s Portuguese Civil Code: Special Reference to Rights of Women, (Cardiometry- Original Research, Issue 24. November 2022).
• Mohammad Fadel, A Place for Pluralism: Rethinking the 'Problem' of Islam in the Middle East, (Foreign Policy at Brookings, March 2023).
• Sahar F. Aziz & Sarah Calderone, Islamophobia in Russia: Ethnicity, Migration, and National Security, (Global Islamophobia in an Era of Populism (Oxford 2024) (Forthcoming)).

From SmartCILP:

• Patrick M. Garry, The Supreme Court Corrects a Seventy-Five-Year Distortion in Establishment Clause Jurisprudence, 56 Indiana Law Review 95-118 (2022).
• Dorit R. Reiss & John DiPaolo, COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates for University Students, 24 N.Y.U. Journal of Legislation & Public Policy 1-66 (2021).

King Charles Coronation Ceremony for First Time Includes Participation by Non-Anglican Faith Leaders

The Church of England has published (full text) the 42-page Authorized Liturgy for the Coronation Rite of His Majesty King Charles III along with Commentary on each portion of the liturgy. Unique to Charles' coronation is the participation of representatives of faith communities outside the Church of England. Representatives of other Christian communities will offer blessings during the Coronation service (see pg. 25). They are The Greek Orthodox Archbishop of Thyateira & Great Britain; The Moderator of The Free Churches; The Secretary General of Churches Together in England; and The Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster. The Church of England's Commentary to this portion of the liturgy reads:

The progress of ecumenical relations since 1953 means that, for the first time, this Blessing is to be shared by Christian leaders across the country.

In addition, non-Christian faith leaders will have a role in the Coronation. The ceremony begins with a Procession of Faith Leaders & Representatives of Faith Communities (see pg. 2).  The Commentary to the liturgy reads:

Faith Leaders and representatives from the Jewish, Sunni and Shia Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Jain, Bahai and Zoroastrian communities will be part of the procession into Westminster Abbey. 

This represents the multi-faith nature of our society and the importance of inclusion of other faiths whilst respecting the integrities of the different traditions.

The ceremony ends with the new King receiving a greeting by representatives of the Jewish, Hindu, Sikh, Muslim, and Buddhist faith communities:

As the King stands before the Leaders and Representatives of the Faith Communities, they deliver the following greeting in unison. 

Faith Leaders & Representatives: 

Your Majesty, as neighbours in faith, we acknowledge the value of public service. We unite with people of all faiths and beliefs in thanksgiving, and in service with you for the common good.

The King acknowledges the greeting, and turns to greet the Governors-General.

The Commentary to this section of the Liturgy reads:

In an unprecedented gesture consolidating the significance of the religious diversity of the Realms, the Sovereign will take his final moments of the service to receive a greeting from the leaders and representatives from the major non-Christian faith traditions. 

In a spoken greeting these faith leaders and representatives speak with their own voices, as communities, but deliver the greeting in unison, as a community of faiths, united in the service of others, and in thanksgiving for His Majesty’s example this day, and every day of his reign. 

We remain grateful to all faith communities for exploring ways in which such an act of unity could be produced, and especially to the Jewish community for finding ways to make this possible without compromising the observance of Shabbat.

CNN reported that  England's Chief Rabbi was invited to stay at St. James Palace over the Sabbath so that he could walk to the ceremony at Westminster Abbey.  Catholic News Agency in an article titled Catholic prelate to participate in British coronation for first time since Reformation reported that the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of England and Wales in advance of the Coronation has issued a special prayer card with prayers for the King. Law & Religion UK has additional reporting on the coronation.

Indiana Governor Signs Bill Protecting Privacy of Donors and Members of Nonprofits

On May 4, Indiana Governor Eric Holcomb signed House Bill 1212 (full text) which protects the privacy of information about the identity of members, supporters, volunteers and donors to nonprofit organizations. Among other things, under the new law governmental agencies and governmental subdivisions may not require nonprofits to furnish lists of donors, members, volunteers or supporters, may not release information of that sort that is in their possession, nor require a prospective contractor or grantee to disclose nonprofits to which it has donated.  The new law has a number of exceptions, including disclosures required by campaign finance and lobbying disclosure laws. ADF issued a press release announcing the signing of the bill.

New British Law Creates 150 Meter Buffer Zone Around Abortion Clinics

 On May 2, Britain's Public Order Act 2023 gained Royal Assent. Section 9 of the Act (full text) creates a 150 meter safe access zone around any abortion clinic.The section provides in part:

It is an offence for a person who is within a safe access zone to do an act with the intent of, or reckless as to whether it has the effect of—

(a)influencing any person’s decision to access, provide or facilitate the provision of abortion services at an abortion clinic,

(b)obstructing or impeding any person accessing, providing, or facilitating the provision of abortion services at an abortion clinic, or

(c)causing harassment, alarm or distress to any person in connection with a decision to access, provide, or facilitate the provision of abortion services at an abortion clinic....

where the person mentioned in paragraph (a), (b) or (c) is within the safe access zone for the abortion clinic.

The Secretary of State must still promulgate the effective date of this section.  Law & Religion UK has more on the new law.

Montana Governor Signs 5 Abortion-Related Bills

On Wednesday, Montana Governor Greg Gianforte signed into law five bills recently passed by the Montana legislature which regulate abortion procedures or availability.  The Daily Montanan reports on the bills that will now become law. Here is its description of each bill:

Senate Bill 154 ... carves out an exception to abortion under the constitutional right to privacy. A legal review note for the bill said it was at odds with the state constitution, which [Senate Judiciary Chairman Sen. Kieth] Regier responded to in a rebuttal saying it was the state’s Supreme Court that decided that abortion was covered under the right to privacy, and not the constitution.

House Bill 303... provides protections for medical practitioners and facilities that object to participation in health care services based on conscience, defined as “ethical, moral, or religious beliefs or principles.”...

House Bill 575 ... bans abortions after 24 weeks with a definition for viability by that stage of development, and it requires medical practitioners to perform and keep record of an ultrasound. 

House Bill 625 ... is a resurrection of the ballot issue LR-131 that voters rejected last fall, which would have required doctors save any infant born alive after an abortion later in pregnancy.

House Bill 786 ... has the state create regulations for the “humane disposition” of dead infants and fetuses, and other regulations of maternal complications and deaths tied “directly or indirectly” to abortions.

Five additional abortion-related bills are close to being submitted to the Governor for his signature.

White House Advisor: Strategy to Counter Domestic Terrorism and Antisemitism Will Be Completed This Month

On Tuesday, the White House posted the Remarks by Homeland Security Advisor Dr. Liz Sherwood-Randall to the Anti-Defamation League (full text) delivered at the ADL's National Leadership Summit. Dr. Sherwood-Randall said in part:

Ethnic and religious hatred is being normalized in our melting pot. Antisemitism is being normalized – its more mainstream, it’s out in the open. And, most disturbingly, violence against Jews is being normalized....

So it was with urgency that President Biden charged us with crafting this country’s first-ever National Strategy for Countering Domestic Terrorism.  We started this work on literally the first day of the Administration. Then, as part of that larger effort, we embarked on the first National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism specifically....

Dr. Sherwood-Randall said that they expect to complete their work on a national strategy by the end of May.

Today Is National Day of Prayer

Yesterday, President Biden issued a Proclamation (full text) declaring today to be a National Day of Prayer, saying in part:

Throughout our history, prayer has empowered moral movements and fueled efforts to strengthen our democracy.  It was deeply rooted in the fight to abolish slavery and the expansion of voting rights and voter access.  And it continues to compel us to uphold our founding creed that all of us are created equal, are made in the image of God, and deserve to be treated with dignity and equality throughout our lives....

 The Congress, by Public Law 100-307, as amended, has called on the President to issue each year a proclamation designating the first Thursday in May as a “National Day of Prayer.”

... I call upon the citizens of our Nation to give thanks, in accordance with their own faith and conscience, for our many freedoms and blessings, and I invite all people of faith to join me in asking for God’s continued guidance, mercy, and protection.

White House Hosts Eid Reception; Conducts Listening Session on Islamophobia

On Monday evening, President Biden spoke at a White House reception to celebrate Eid al-Fitr. (Full text of remarks). The President said in part:

We remember Muslim communities around the world that are enduring conflict, poverty, hunger, disease, and those that are displaced from their homes. And we recommit to the tireless work of building peace and standing up for the rights and dignity of all people.  All people. 

And we’re determined to confront all forms of hate, including Islamophobia, which is important to me.  (Applause.)  This is a priority for my administration, which is why I established an interagency task force to address attacks on Muslims and anti-Muslim bias and discrimination....

Muslims have been part of the United States from the very start.  Muslims fought along the patriots during the War for Independence. One of the first countries to recognize the United States as an independent nation was a Muslim country, Morocco.  (Applause.) 

Today, there are 3.5 million of you in the United States.  You come from different ethnicities, races, speak different languages, but you’re united all as Americans.

The White House also announced that on Tuesday:

Second Gentleman Douglas Emhoff, White House Domestic Policy Advisor Ambassador Susan Rice, Deputy Homeland Security Advisor Joshua Geltzer, U.S. Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom Rashad Hussain, and Office of Public Engagement Director Stephen Benjamin hosted a listening session with Muslim community leaders to discuss efforts to counter Islamophobia....

South Carolina Legislature Approves School Voucher Bill

 On Tuesday, the South Carolina legislature gave final passage to S0039 (full text) which gives lower income families access to school vouchers of up to $6000 per student through the newly created Education Scholarship Trust Fund. The funds may be used at approved public or private schools for tuition, textbooks, computers and tutoring. In the first year of the program, vouchers will be available to 5,000 students. By the third year this increased to 15,000. The State reports on the legislation.

Supreme Court Denies Cert. In Challenge to Indiana Fetal Remains Law

The U.S. Supreme Court on Monday denied review in Jane Doe No. 1 v. Rokita, (Docket No. 22-951, certiorari denied 5/1/2023) (Order List). In the case, the U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals rejected 1st Amendment challenges to an Indiana statute that requires abortion providers to dispose of fetal remains either by burial or by cremation. (See prior posting.) The case Docket with links to filings in the Supreme Court is here.  AP reports on the Court's action.

USCIRF Releases 2023 Annual Report

 On May 1, the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom released its 2023 Annual Report (full text). A press release from the Commission summarizes the 98-page Report. It says in part:

The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) today released its 2023 Annual Report documenting developments during 2022, including significant regression in countries such as Afghanistan, China, Cuba, Iran, Nicaragua, and Russia....

USCIRF recommends 17 countries to the State Department for designation as Countries of Particular Concern (CPCs) because their governments engage in or tolerate “systematic, ongoing, and egregious violations” of the right to freedom of religion or belief. These include 12 that the State Department designated as CPCs in November 2022: Burma, China, Cuba, Eritrea, Iran, Nicaragua, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan—as well as five additional recommendations: Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, Syria, and Vietnam....

The 2023 Annual Report also recommends 11 countries for placement on the State Department’s SWL [Special Watch List] based on their governments’ perpetration or toleration of severe religious freedom violations. These include two that the State Department placed on that list in November 2022: Algeria and Central African Republic (CAR)—as well as nine additional recommendations: Azerbaijan, Egypt, Indonesia, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and Uzbekistan....

USCIRF further recommends to the State Department seven non-state actors for redesignation as “entities of particular concern” (EPCs) for systematic, ongoing, and egregious religious freedom violations. The State Department designated all seven of these groups as EPCs in November 2022: al-Shabaab, Boko Haram, the Houthis, Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS), Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP or ISIS-West Africa), and Jamaat Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM)....

In addition to chapters with key findings and U.S. policy recommendations for these 28 countries, the 2023 Annual Report describes and assesses U.S. international religious freedom policy overall. The report also highlights important global developments and trends.... 

Court Says School Must Allow After School Satan Club to Use School Space For Meetings

In The Satanic Temple, Inc. v. Saucon Valley School District, (ED PA, May 1, 2023), a Pennsylvania federal district court issued a preliminary injunction requiring the District to allow the After School Satan Club to use school facilities for meetings pursuant to a District Policy on use of school facilities by community organizations. After initial approval of the group's use of Saucon Valley Middle School for meetings, the school had received a shooting threat that required it to close for a day.  Subsequently, it "received over 40 phone calls and 50 emails or handwritten letters, daily, from concerned staff, parents, and community members." This led the District to rescind approval for the Club's use of school facilities, and led to the filing of this lawsuit. The court said in part:

Here, TST states a colorable claim that the District’s decision to rescind approval of its application and prohibit the ASSC from using school facilities for the remainder of the current school year restricts TST’s speech based on TST’s viewpoint, which shifts the burden to the District to justify its restriction on speech....

The District argues its restriction of TST’s speech is justified under the First Amendment because the District determined TST violated the District’s content-neutral Advertising Restriction contained in Policy 707 by posting social media advertisements on February 20, 2023 and February 23, 2023 that failed to clearly communicate the ASSC was not sponsored by the District....

TST makes a sufficient showing that the District selectively and inconsistently enforced its Advertising Restriction against TST as compared to other similarly situated speakers. The District’s proffered distinctions and rationale for this inconsistent enforcement are unpersuasive and fail to satisfy the District’s burden of justification. This inconsistent treatment strongly suggests viewpoint discrimination....

There is no doubt the District and Superintendent were faced with difficult, time-sensitive decisions. However, the Court’s analysis is guided by the law, not practical decision-making considerations or the Court’s own personal opinions. The law requires the Court to determine whether the District’s decision to rescind approval of TST’s application was based on the content of TST’s religious viewpoint and the reactions to it. The Court concludes it was.

ACLU issued a press release announcing the decision.

Clergy Sue Federal Penitentiary To Obtain Physical Contact With Death Row Inmates

Suit was filed last week in an Indiana federal district court by two ministers who regularly visit death row inmates in a federal penitentiary in Indiana. One plaintiff is an Episcopal minister and the other in the Unitarian Universalist Church and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). The complaint (full text) in Eiler v. Complex Warden, Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute, (SD IN, filed 4/25/2023), alleges violations of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, saying in part:

The plaintiffs have sincere religious beliefs that at times during prayer they must be able to touch the prisoners and the prisoners desire that this physical contact occur during prayer. However, they are precluded from touching the prisoners by defendant’s policy that allows them only non-contact visitation. This policy burdens plaintiffs’ religious exercise without justification.

The complaint also alleges that barring physical contact with prisoners as they are being executed violates plaintiffs' free exercise rights under RFRA. WFIU reports on the lawsuit.

EEOC Sues Hospital for Failing to Accommodate Religious Objection to Flu Shot

The EEOC announced yesterday that it has filed suit against Mercy Health St. Mary’s, a Grand Rapids, Michigan hospital for refusing to provide a religious accommodation to a job applicant and declining to hire him because of his religious beliefs. The release said in part:

... Mercy Health St. Mary’s violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by rescinding a job offer to an applicant who, for religious reasons, refused to receive a flu vaccine. Under Mercy Health’s influenza policy, employees are required to get a flu shot on an annual basis unless granted an exemption. While the applicant’s conditional job offer was pending, he applied for an exemption to the flu shot requirement based on his religious beliefs. Mercy Health arbitrarily denied his request and rescinded the job offer, without specifying to the applicant why or how his request for an exemption was deficient, the EEOC said.

Sign Permit Did Not Infringe 1st Amendment Rights of Anti-Abortion Protester

In Roswell v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore, (D MD, April 28, 2023), a Maryland federal district court denied a preliminary injunction to plaintiff who challenged the requirement that he obtain a permit in order to place A-frame signs outside a Planned Parenthood Clinic as part of his anti-abortion protest. Rejecting plaintiff's free speech claim, the court concluded that the permit ordinance is content neutral, is narrowly tailored to serve a significant governmental interest, and that there are ample alternatives for plaintiff to communicate his message. Rejecting plaintiff's free exercise claim, the court said in part:

Here, the challenged ordinances are unconcerned with religious exercise; they neither prohibit nor compel religious conduct. Importantly, Plaintiff has made no allegation that either the Police or Zoning ordinance was enacted for the purpose of suppressing religious expression. Further, as discussed, Plaintiff has been freely engaging in protest activity outside of the Planned Parenthood. Plaintiff contends that “his religious conviction compels him to use every effort available to dissuade women” from obtaining abortions, and he has continued to freely express his religious beliefs in front of the facility, merely without the use of A-frame signs. 

Court Calls for Fuller Explanation for Denying Religious Exemption from COVOD Vaccine Mandate

 In Matter of Daniels v. New York City Police Dept., (Sup. Ct. NY County, April 24, 2023), a New York state trial court remanded to the City of New York Reasonable Accommodations Appeals Panel a claim for a religious exemption from the COVID vaccine mandate brought by a NYPD officer assigned to the Emergency Services Unit.  The initial determination by the NYPD Equal Employment Opportunity Division was communicated through a pre-printed form with three boxes checked off indicating insufficient documentation and explanation as well as a lack of a history of vaccine refusal.  The Appeals Panel merely adopted the EEOD's reasoning.  In calling for a fuller explanation, the court said in part:

The NYPD EEOD's determination is a prime example of a determination that sets forth only the most perfunctory discussion of reasons for administrative action. The court has nothing before it that would enable it to analyze how the pre-printed "reasons" that were checked off on its determination letter related to or defeated the petitioner's request for accommodation. This type of conclusory administrative determination would require the court to speculate as to the thought processes of the person who checked the boxes, and provide its own reasons for those choices, an approach prohibited by longstanding rules of law.

Triable Issues of Fact Remain on Ministerial Exception in Age Discrimination Suit Against Catholic School

 In Atkins v. St. Cecelia Catholic School, (CA App., April 28, 2023), a California state appellate court held that there are triable issues of material fact as to whether the ministerial exception applies in the age discrimination case brought against a Los Angeles Catholic elementary school by plaintiff who was employed for 40 years as a part-time office administrator and for the last 19 years also as a part-time art teacher. Reversing the trial court's granting of summary judgment dismissing the lawsuit, the court said in part:

While St. Cecilia presented evidence that Atkins prayed with the students in her art class and promoted the ADLA’s six tasks of catechesis by encouraging “Christ-like” behavior in her class, there was no evidence that she ever taught, or was expected to teach, any type of religious curriculum. There was also no evidence that Atkins ever led any religious services, accompanied the students toreligious services, or prepared the students to participate in religious services or activities. Given that Atkins held dual roles at St. Cecilia as an art teacher and an office administrator, we cannot conclude on this record that educating students in the Catholic faith lay at the core of her job responsibilities. Considering the totality of these circumstances, St. Cecilia was not entitled to summary judgment based on the ministerial exception.

Recent Articles of Interest

From SSRN:

• Donald Kerwin, The Trials and Consolations of Migrant Serving Faith Communities, (April 12, 2023).
• Steven Douglas Smith, Christians and/as Liberals?, (Notre Dame Law Review, Vol. 98 (forthcoming 2023)).
• Simrin Chowdhury, The Economic Implications of Roe v. Wade's Reversal on Marginalized Women, (April 7, 2023).
• Ruji Auethavornpipat, Hate Speech and Discrimination as Mundane Violence Against Rohingya Refugees During COVID-19, (Global Responsibility to Protect, online first (2023).
• Md Tarikul Islam, Mia Mahmudur Rahim, & Sanjaya Kuruppu, Public Accountability Failure in Solving a Public Nuisance: Stakeholder Disengagement in a Clash of Western and Islamic Worldviews, (Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal (2023)).
• Rosemary Teele Langford, Introduction to Governance and Regulation of Charities: International and Comparative Perspectives, (Rosemary Teele Langford (ed), Governance and Regulation of Charities: International and Comparative Perspectives (Edward Elgar, 2023, forthcoming)).

From elsewhere:

• Special Issue: Religious Freedom, Sexuality, and Gender Identity, Australian Journal of Law & Religion, Volume 2 (2023).

Governors In Minnesota and Washington Sign Bills Protecting Access to Abortion and Gender-Affirming Care

On April 27, Minnesota Governor Tim Walz signed three bills protecting right to abortion and gender-affirming health care.  A press release from the Governor's Office describes the legislation:

Chapter 28, House File 16 prohibits mental health practitioners or mental health professionals from providing conversion therapy to vulnerable adults and clients under age 18. The bill also prohibits fraudulent or deceptive advertising practices relating to conversion therapy.

Chapter 29, House File 146 prevents state courts or officials from complying with child removal requests, extraditions, arrests, or subpoenas related to gender-affirming health care that a person receives in Minnesota....

Chapter 31, House File 366 , the Reproductive Freedom Defense Act, ensures that patients traveling to Minnesota for abortion care, and the providers who serve them, are protected from legal attacks and criminal penalties from other states.

In Washington state, on April 27 Governor Jay Inslee signed five bills protecting access to abortion and gender-affirming services. A press release from the Governor's office describes the legislation:

In anticipation of a Trump-appointed judge’s ruling pulling a common and safe abortion pill from shelves nationally, the governor acted quickly to secure a three-year supply of mifepristone for the state that could be distributed regardless of federal court action.

With the 30,000 doses being held by the state Department of Corrections, all that was left to do was pass a bill that authorized the department to distribute the medication to health providers.... SB 5768 ... does just that....

... Shield Law, HB 1469... prohibits compliance with out-of-state subpoenas related to abortion and gender affirming care services; prevents cooperation with out-of-state investigations; bans extraditions related to abortion and gender affirming care services that occur legally in Washington; and protects providers from harassment for providing these services.....

Inslee also signed a bill to ensure health providers can’t be disciplined for providing legal reproductive health services or gender affirming care in Washington. HB 1340... protects health providers from disciplinary action or having their licenses revoked for “unprofessional conduct” if the care provided follows state law, regardless of where their patient resides.....

HB 1155, the “My Health, My Data” Act, ... will increase privacy protections around collecting, sharing and selling consumer health data. Some popular consumer products can track and share data on individuals’ health — and protections around the use of that data became more necessary with the attack on abortion care in other states....

Patients often face cost-sharing [under their health insurance plans] for receiving abortion care. SB 5242 eliminates cost-sharing for abortions and protects patients from unexpected expenses they may not be able to cover.

Biden Declares May As Jewish American Heritage Month

Yesterday President Biden issued a Proclamation (full text) declaring May to be Jewish American Heritage Month. The Proclamation reads in part:

 Jewish Americans continue to enrich every part of American life as educators and entrepreneurs, athletes and artists, scientists and entertainers, public officials and activists, labor and community leaders, diplomats and military service members, public health heroes, and more.... 

All Americans — including business and community leaders, educators, students, athletes, entertainers, and influencers — must help confront bigotry in all its forms.  We must each do our part to put an end to antisemitism and hatred and create a culture of respect in our workplaces, schools, and homes and across social media.

This Jewish American Heritage Month, let us join hands across faiths, races, and backgrounds to make clear that evil, hate, and antisemitism will not prevail.  Let us honor the timeless values, contributions, and culture of Jewish Americans, who carry our Nation forward each and every day.  And let us rededicate ourselves to the sacred work of creating a more inclusive tomorrow, protecting the diversity that defines who we are as a Nation, and preserving the dignity of every human being — here at home and around the world.

Suit Seeks Historic Preservation Funds for Churches

Two historic churches have filed suit in a New Jersey federal district court challenging Morris County's exclusion of properties currently used for religious purposes from receiving Historic Preservation funds from the county. Plaintiffs contend that recent U.S. Supreme Court cases invalidate an earlier state Supreme Court decision barring churches from participation in such funding programs. The complaint (full text) in Mendham Methodist Church v. Morris County, New Jersey, (D NJ, filed 4/28/2023), alleges in part:

In 2018 ... the New Jersey Supreme Court concluded that the Religious Aid Clause of the New Jersey Constitution bars state and local governments from providing grants to preserve the architecture of historic churches. Freedom From Religion Found. v. Morris Cnty. Bd. of Chosen Freeholders ...

This is unconstitutional discrimination on the basis of religion: States and local governments that choose to provide a generally available public benefit—such as historic preservation grants—cannot exclude an otherwise-qualified applicant solely because the applicant happens to be a house of worship. See Carson v. Makin, 142 S. Ct. 1987, 1996 (2022).... ;Espinoza v. Mont. Dep’t of Revenue...., 140 S. Ct. 2246, 2262 (2020)....

First Liberty Institute issued a press release announcing the filing of the lawsuit.

Florida Enacts Ban on Religious and Ethnic Intimidation

NBC News reports that Florida Governor Ron DeSantis, while in Israel, signed CS/CS/HB269 a bill (full text) that amends Florida's Public Nuisances law to prohibit threats and intimidation of various sorts. Among the provisions added by the new law is the following:

A person may not willfully and maliciously harass or intimidate another person based on the person's wearing or displaying of any indicia relating to any religious or ethnic heritage.

The law provides for enhanced sanctions if a person "in the course of committing the violation makes a credible threat to the person who is the subject of the harassment or intimidation...."

Former Cantor's Claims Against Synagogue Are Dismissed

In Sklar v. Temple Israel, Westport Inc., (CT Super., April 21, 2023), a Connecticut state trial court dismissed breach of contract and intentional infliction of emotional distress claims asserted by the former Cantor of defendant synagogue, Temple Israel.  Plaintiff contended that the Temple failed to provide him the procedural protections to which he was entitled under his contract before it fired him for three incidents of unsatisfactory performance of duties. The court held that the ministerial exception doctrine precludes plaintiff's contract claims, saying in part:

[T]he manner in which the defendant Temple Israel discharged or disciplined the plaintiff would constitute government interference with an internal decision that affects the faith and mission of the synagogue, thereby violating the Free Exercise Clause. The Court also finds that it would also violate the Establishment Clause, which prohibits government involvement in ecclesiastical decisions because it concerns internal management decisions of the synagogue as to its employment relationship with its clergy.

The court concluded that plaintiff's other allegations, while serious, are legally insufficient to support a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Plaintiff had complained of lapses in COVID protocols and lack of enhanced security which exacerbated his post-traumatic stress disorder.

UK Supreme Court: Jehovah's Witness Organization Not Vicariously Liable for Rape by An Elder

In Trustees of the Barry Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses v. BXB, (UK Sup. Ct., April 26, 2023), Britain's Supreme Court held that the Jehovah's Witnesses organization is not vicariously liable for the rape of a church member by an elder of the church.  The court said in part:

First, the rape was not committed while Mark Sewell was carrying out any activities as an elder on behalf of the Jehovah’s Witnesses. He was at his own home and was not at the time engaged in performing any work connected with his role as an elder. So, eg, he was not conducting a bible class, he was not evangelising or giving pastoral care, he was not on premises of the Jehovah’s Witnesses and the incident had nothing to do with any service or worship of the Jehovah Witnesses. The lack of direct connection to the role assigned to him as an elder makes these facts significantly different from the institutional sex abuse cases where, eg, as part of their jobs the [defendants] ... were living in the same institution as their victims....

Secondly, in contrast to the child sexual abuse cases, at the time of the rape, Mark Sewell was not exercising control over Mrs B because of his position as an elder. It was because of her close friendship with Mark Sewell and because she was seeking to provide emotional support to him, and not because Mark Sewell had control over her as an elder, that Mrs B went to the back room. The driving force behind their being together in the room at the time of the rape was their close personal friendship not Mark Sewell’s role as an elder. Put another way, the primary reason that the rape took place was not because Mark Sewell was abusing his position as an elder but because he was abusing his position as a close friend of Mrs B when she was trying to help him....

The Court issued a press release summarizing the decision.

Ex-Husband Brings Wrongful Death Suit Against Wife's Friends Who Supplied Abortion Pills

 A novel wrongful death lawsuit was filed last month in a Texas state trial court by the ex-husband of a woman whose two friends assisted her in obtaining abortion medication.  The complaint (full text) in Silva v. Noyola, (TX Dist. Ct., filed 3/10/2023), alleges in part:

Under the law of Texas, a person who assists a pregnant woman in obtaining a self-managed abortion has committed the crime of murder and can be sued for wrongful death.... In defiance of these laws, defendants Jackie Noyola and Amy Carpenter  assisted Brittni Silva in murdering Ms. Silva’s unborn child with illegally obtained abortion pills. Ms. Noyola and Ms. Carpenter also instructed Ms. Silva to conceal their criminal and murderous actions from plaintiff Marcus A. Silva, the father of the child and the husband of Brittni Silva. Ms. Noyola arranged for the delivery of the illegal drugs from Aracely Garcia, which were used to murder baby Silva in July of 2022. 

Marcus Silva recently learned of the defendants’ involvement in the murder of his child, and he brings suit against them for wrongful death and conspiracy....

The manufacturer of the abortion pills that Brittni used is jointly and severally liable for the wrongful death of baby Silva, and it will be added as a defendant once identified in discovery. The manufacturer of the pills caused the death of baby Silva through a “wrongful act” because it violated 18 U.S.C. §§ 1461–1462, which imposes federal criminal liability on anyone who knowingly sends abortion pills through the mail or through any express company, common carrier, or interactive computer service.

The Intercept reports on the lawsuit.

British Court Rejects Parents' Challenge To School's LGBT Curriculum

In Montague v. Governing Body of Heavers Farm Primary School, (UK Cty. Ct., April 24, 2023), a British County Court, in an 89-page opinion, dismissed a suit by Christian parents who objected to a primary school's activities relating to LGBT equality. The court described the claims:

This is a claim for compensation, damages, declarations and recommendations pursuant to alleged violations of the Equality Act 2010, the Human Rights Act 1998 and for breach of Statutory duty....

The Claimants are black Christians whose 4 year old son Izaiyah Montague attended the school between 11th September 2017 and 19th October 2018....

In broad terms, the focus of this case is on the events from mid 2018 when the school decided to arrange a number of activities which would coincide with ‘Pride Month’ in June. It is the school’s position that these events were part of broader teaching throughout the year. This was directed towards supporting tolerance, challenging stereotypes and to prevent bullying....

The parents’ case is that the teaching at the school caused a conflict between their religious household and the approach adopted by the school, exposing their young and vulnerable child to the possibility of conflict and confusion. They further assert that the treatment of the complaints, the detention of Izaiyah and the barring of the Second Claimant were the direct result of their adherence to Christian beliefs and prosecution of a well founded complaint to the school....

In rejecting the parents' claims, the court said in part:

I do not accept that, as formulated, the curriculum the teaching I have outlined, was designed to promote LGBT beliefs over others. The difficulty that the Claimants face is that they have focussed on one aspect of a year long SMSC curriculum. There was very little examination of and criticism of the other five elements of the teaching. By throwing an intense concentration on one sixth of the teaching they have lost sight of, and distorted, the overall SMSC curriculum.... [T]he school were under a duty to meet the requirements of the Education Act....  Indeed I confess that I am very uneasy about some of the comments being made at the school gate and it is important for the children’s responsibilities and experiences in later life that there is some corrective to the ill informed views which were being articulated by some of the parents.

Fox News reporting on the case says that plaintiff is appealing the decision.

Bankruptcy Court Rejects Sex Abuse Claims Arising Outside Boundaries of Diocese

In In re Roman Catholic Diocese of Rockville Centre, New York,(SD NY Bkrptcy., April 19, 2023), a New York federal bankruptcy court held that two groups of claims filed in the Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Reorganization of the Rockville Centre Diocese should be expunged. The claims grow out of alleged sexual abuse by Franciscan brothers that occurred outside of the Diocese.  Claimants argued that the Rockville Centre Diocese had control over the Franciscan Brothers religious organization and so had control over the alleged abusers.  The court said in part:

It is well-established under New York law that for the Diocese to be liable for torts of alleged abusers, the Diocese must have had a duty to control them....

The Brooklyn Claimants’ position is that the Objection fails to settle the question of “control” as a matter of law considering the internal rules of the Catholic Church, and therefore there is a disputed fact that warrants discovery. The parties agree that the Franciscan Brothers operated the five schools and parishes at issue in the Brooklyn Claims, and the Brooklyn Claimants focus solely on whether the Debtor had control over the Franciscan Brothers. They contend that the Diocese had control over the Subject Entities through its control over the Franciscan Brothers....

The additional allegations in the Brooklyn Response frame Catholic Canon Law as a set of rules that govern employer-employee or principal-agent liability outside of secular legal  principles governing these relationships. Not so. As discussed above, there is a clear constitutional prohibition on this Court weighing in on the parties’ dispute over Catholic Canon Law.... New York courts have rejected the argument that Catholic Canon Law imposes diocesan liability where secular law would not.

Polish Court Convicts LGBT Marchers of Offending Religious Feelings

 Notes from Poland reports that a district court in Częstochowa, Poland last week concluded that two women were guilty of "offending religious feelings" in violation of Article 196 of Poland's Penal Code. The defendants were identified only as Kamila Ł.-B. and Magdalena W.-D.  During the 2021 Equality March in Częstochowa, they displayed images of the Virgin Mary and Jesus with rainbow haloes above their heads. In a procedure which did not require a full trial, the court relied on the opinion of an expert who said that the haloes were not of the Biblical, seven-colors symbolizing hope and closeness to God, but instead were the six-colored LGBT symbol. The court imposed 5 months of community service on one defendant and fined the other 2,000 zloty. Defendants' lawyer says they will contest the judgment, requiring the case to go to a full public trial.

North Dakota Governor Signs New Abortion Ban That Has Limited Exceptions

Yesterday, North Dakota Governor Doug Burgum signed SB 2150 (full text) into law. The new law bars abortions except when it was intended to prevent the pregnant female's death or a serious physical health risk. The law also permits abortions during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy if the pregnancy resulted from gross sexual imposition, sexual imposition, sexual abuse of a ward, or incest. AP reports on the new law, saying in part:

The North Dakota law is designed to take effect immediately, but last month the state Supreme Court ruled a previous ban is to remain blocked while a lawsuit over its constitutionality proceeds. Last week, lawmakers said they intended to pass the latest bill as a message to the state’s high court signaling that the people of North Dakota want to restrict abortion.

In its decision last month, the state Supreme Court concluded that the absence of an exception in the abortion ban for preserving the health of the mother is a critical defect in the state's prior abortion ban.  The new law is presumably designed to respond to that concern.

Defrocked Cardinal McCarrick Indicted in Wisconsin on Sexual Assault Charge

 In an April 17 press release, Wisconsin Attorney General Josh Kaul and Walworth County District   Attorney Zeke Wiedenfeld announced that former cardinal Theodore McCarrick, age 92, has been charged with one count of Fourth-Degree Sexual Assault.  The charge stems from an incident that occurred in April of 1977. The complaint alleges that McCarrick repeatedly abused the victim sexually over time. In 2019, the Vatican defrocked McCarrick because of past sexual misconduct. (See prior posting.)

Recent Articles of Interest

From SSRN:

• Howard A. Palley, The Overturning of Roe v. Wade: A Theocratic and Anti-Democratic Decision, (March 31, 2023).
• Noura Erakat, Darryl Li & John Reynolds, Race, Palestine, and International Law, (AJIL Unbound, Vol. 117, No. 2, pp. 77-81, 2023).
• Andrew M. Koppelman, Religious Liberty as a Judicial Autoimmune Disorder: The Supreme Court Repudiates its Own Authority in Kennedy v. Bremerton, (Hastings Law Review, 2023 Forthcoming).
• Joel A. Nichols, Faith and Faithfulness: Vocation as Self, Others, and a Third Thing, (Touro Law Review, Vol. 38, 2023).
• Kelley Loper, Equality, Dignity and Same-sex Marriage: Reflections on Developments in Hong Kong, 53 Hong Kong Law Journal, Forthcoming.
• Malinda L. Seymore, Adoption as a Substitute for Abortion?, (University of Colorado Law Review, Vol. 95, 2023).
• Lu-in Wang, Reframing Hate,, (Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 112, p. 847, 2022).
• Daniel Bird & Eric Maier, Wayward Samaritans: 'Non-Profit' Hospitals and Their Tax Exempt Status, (University of Pittsburgh Law Review, Forthcoming,).

From SmartCILP:

• Khaled A. Beydoun, Killing an Arab, 101 North Carolina Law Revies 207-222 (2022).
• Blaine L. Hutchison, Revisiting Employment Division v. Smith, 91 University of Cincinatti Law Review 396-436 (2022).
• Justin Burnworth, Replacing Smith with a "Graduated Scale" Approach to the Free Exercise Clause, 54 University of Toledo Law Review 1-26 (2022).

Judge Refuses to Recuse Himself from New Orleans Archdiocese Bankruptcy Matters

AP and WWL-TV reported on Saturday that federal district court judge for the Eastern District of Louisiana, Greg Guidry, has refused to recuse himself from reviewing matters related to the bankruptcy reorganization proceedings of the Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans. An investigation by the Associated Press found:

... [S]ince being nominated to the federal bench in 2019 by then-President Donald Trump, [Guidry] has given nearly $50,000 to local Catholic charities from leftover contributions he received after serving 10 years as a Louisiana Supreme Court justice.

Most of that giving, $36,000 of it, came in the months after the archdiocese sought Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in May 2020 amid a crush of sexual abuse lawsuits. That included a $12,000 donation to the archdiocese's Catholic Community Foundation in September 2020 on the same day of a series of filings in the bankruptcy, and a $14,000 donation to the same charity in July of the following year.

At a pre-trial status conference last Friday, Guidry read from an advisory opinion he had received from the federal Judicial Conference's Committee on Codes of Conduct. It concluded that no reasonable person would question Guidry's impartiality. The Advisory Opinion said in part:

none of the charities to which you contributed some of your wind-down campaign funds has been or is an actual party in any proceeding before you....

AP had also reported that Guidry had once served as a board member on the Archdiocese's charitable arm for eight years.  The Advisory Opinion said, however:

[Y]our leadership as a board member of one of the charities ended 15 years ago, which is a significant span of time.

Guidry, who as district court judge would hear appeals from rulings of the district's bankruptcy judge, told the lawyers at the status conference:

Based upon that advice and based upon my certainty that I can be fair and impartial, I have decided not to recuse myself.

Fire Fighter Can Move Ahead with Free Speech and Free Exercise Claims

In Misjuns v. Lynchburg Fire Department, (WD VA, April 20, 2023), a Virginia federal district court held that a fire department captain who was denied training necessary for promotion, and who was ultimately investigated and terminated from his position, had adequately alleged free speech and free exercise violations. One of plaintiff's contentions was that adverse action was taken against him because of a religious anti-transgender posting on one of his Facebook pages. According to the court:

Plaintiff posted a meme ,,, which stated: “In the beginning, God created Adam & Eve. Adam could never be a Madam. Eve could never become Steve. Anyone who tells you otherwise defies the one true God.”...

Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged ... that Defendants’ retaliatory actions against him were due to religious beliefs, not just political beliefs.

Lynchburg News & Advance reports on the court's decision.

Supreme Court Stays District Court's Order That Invalidated FDA's Approval of Abortion Pill

The U.S. Supreme Court yesterday evening in Danco Laboratories, LLC v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine, (Sup. Ct., April 21, 2023), and in a companion case in which the FDA was a party, granted stays of a Texas federal district court's order that had found the FDA's approval of the abortion drug mifepristone to be invalid. The stays will remain in effect while appeals work their way through the courts. Justice Thomas indicated that he would have denied the applications for stays.  Justice Alito filed an opinion dissenting from the grant of the stays, saying that the applicants have not shown that they would suffer irreparable harm if the stays were not granted. SCOTUSblog has additional reporting on the Supreme Court's action.

Suit Challenges Tennessee's Ban On Gender Transition Treatment For Minors

Suit was filed yesterday in a Tennessee federal district court challenging Tennessee's recently enacted law banning medical or surgical treatment of gender dysphoria in minors. The complaint (full text) in L.W. v. Skrmetti, (MD TN, filed 4/20/2023), alleges that the ban violates plaintiffs' Equal Protection rights and their rights to parental autonomy, as well as violating provisions of the Affordable Care Act. ACLU issued a press release announcing the filing of the lawsuit.