Wyoming Enacts State RFRA

Last week, Wyoming Governor Mark Gordon signed HB 0207, the Wyoming Religious Freedom Restoration Act (full text). The Act requires strict scrutiny of state action that substantially burden's a person's right to the exercise of religion. Wyoming is the 29th state to enact a similar statute. Catholic World Report covers these developments.

Suit Challenges NYPD's Forcible Removal of Hijabs as Crowd Control Tactic

Suit was filed this week in a New York federal district court challenging the practice of the New York Police Department of forcibly and publicly removing Muslim women's hijabs as a method of crowd control at demonstrations. The complaint (full text) in Council on American-Islamic Relations New York v. City of New York, (SD NY, filed 3/9/2025) contends that the practice violates the free exercise and free speech protections of the U.S. and New York Constitutions, as well as the 4th Amendment and other provisions of New York law. CAIR issued a press release announcing the filing of the lawsuit.

Supreme Court Denies Cert. In Title VII Religioius Discrimination Case

The U.S. Supreme Court today denied review in Hittle v. City of Stockton, California, (Docket No. 24-427, certiorari denied 3/10/2025). Justice Thomas, joined by Justice Gorsuch, filed an opinion dissenting from the denial of cert. In the case, the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a district court's dismissal of a religious discrimination suit under Title VII and the California Fair Employment and Housing Act brought by the city's former Fire Chief.  Among the several reasons given to plaintiff by the city for his dismissal was his attendance at a Christian religious leadership event on city time and with use of a city vehicle, and his approval for three other Department employees to also attend. (See prior posting.) In his dissent, Justice Thomas said in part:

I would have taken this opportunity to revisit McDonnell Douglas and decide whether its burden-shifting framework remains a workable and useful evidentiary tool.

CNN reports on the denial of review.

Supreme Court Grants Certiorari in Conversion Therapy Ban Case

The U.S. Supreme Court today granted review in Chiles v. Salazar, (Docket No. 24-539, certiorari granted 3/10/2025).  In the case, the U.S. 10th Circuit Court of Appeals in a 2-1 decision held that Colorado's Minor Conversion Therapy Law that bans mental health professionals from providing conversion therapy to minors does not violate the free speech or free exercise rights of mental health professionals. (See prior posting.) The petition for certiorari raises only the free speech issue. The SCOTUSblog case page for the case contains links to pleadings in the case. AP reports on the grant of review.

6th Circuit: Public Official Engaging in State Action Cannot Assert 1st Amendment Defense

In Emold v. Davis, (6th Cir., March 6, 2025), the U.S. 6th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a $100,000 damage award to a same-sex couple who were refused a marriage license by Rowan County, Kentucky Clerk Kim Davis who had religious objections to same-sex marriage. The court said in part:

Government officials “have private lives and their own constitutional rights.” ...  But when a public official wields the “authority of the state,” she “engage[s] in state action,” which, by definition, cannot be protected by the First Amendment....

Davis alternatively argues that her Free Exercise rights were violated by a different state action:  Kentucky’s delay in granting her a religious accommodation.  But Plaintiffs had nothing to do with the timing of the accommodation, and Davis’s argument is irrelevant to Plaintiffs’ claim.  Either way, Davis has been found liable for state action—not private conduct—so she cannot raise a First Amendment defense...

 As Davis sees it, a public official can wield the authority of the state to violate the constitutional rights of citizens if the official believes she is “follow[ing] her conscience.” ...  That cannot be correct.  “The very purpose of a Bill of Rights” is to place certain freedoms “beyond the reach of . . . [government] officials.”  ...  Thus, when an official’s discharge of her duties according to her conscience violates the constitutional rights of citizens, the Constitution must win out.  The Bill of Rights would serve little purpose if it could be freely ignored whenever an official’s conscience so dictates....

Davis also argues that Kentucky’s RFRA shields her from liability.  But that statute does not apply here....

Judge Readler filed an opinion concurring in part and concurring in the judgment.  Louisville Courier Journal reports on the decision.

Recent Articles of Interest

From SSRN:

• Melvin Otey, Toward a Broader Theocentric Environmentalism, (December 01, 2024).
• Robert C. Blitt, From Zero to Holy War: The International Community's Ongoing Silence in the Face of the Russian Orthodox Church's Escalating Support for War Against Ukraine, (February 03, 2025).
• Kerrel Murray, Discriminatory Effect(s), (78 Fla. L. Rev. ___ (forthcoming 2026)).
• Helen Alvare, 46th Annual Donald A. Giannella Memorial Lecture: Religious Liberty and Nondiscrimination Law, (Villanova Law Review, Vol. 69, No. 5, pp. 881–920 (2024)).
• Zalman Rothschild, The Right to Exit Religion, (Georgetown Law Journal, forthcoming).
• James Gerard Dwyer, Mired in Meyer's Mischief A Century After Fabrication of Constitutional Parents' Rights, (26 Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues 107 (2025)).
• S. Ernie Walton, Brief of Amicus Curiae Professor S. Ernie Walton in Support of Petitioners in Oklahoma Statewide Charter School Board v. Drummond, (March 03, 2025).
• David Eliot Bernstein, The Supreme Court’s Mysterious 1920s Due Process Education Trilogy, (The Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues, Vol. 26, pp. 41–54 (2025)).
• Kumar Bal Govind Singh, Hate Speech, (January 12, 2025).

From SSRN (Non-U.S. Law):

• Stephen James Bogle, Spiritual Duties and Legal Debts in Seventeenth Century Scotland: A Preliminary Study, (January 25, 2025).
• Hesham Abdelgawad, The Impact of Islamic Law on Cryptocurrency Regulation in Egypt, (MJTILP, Vol 20, Issue 3, 2024).
• Roni M. Rosenberg, Moral and Practical Considerations in the Debate on Physician-Assisted Suicide: The Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill in England, (January 09, 2025).

From SSRN (Hindu law and rituals):

• Sanjay Koul this week posted 17 recent papers on Hindu law, beliefs and rituals: Liberation and Divine Union: A Study of Moksha in Hindu; The Foundations of Hindu Thought: An Examination of Key Scriptures Across Philosophy, Ethics, and Devotion; Fire Ritual in Sanatana Dharma; Meditation in Sanatana Dharma: An Exploration of Ancient Practices and Philosophical Insights; Exploring Kashmir Shaivism: Philosophy, Practices, and Contemporary Relevance; The Gurukul System Evolution, Impact, and Resurgence of India's Ancient Holistic Education Model; Sacred Texts and Spiritual Pathways: A Comprehensive Analysis of Shaiva, Vaishnava, and Shakta Agamas in Hindu Tradition; The Creation of the Universe and Core Principles of Sanatana Dharma: A Comprehensive Exploration of Hindu Philosophical Foundations; The Rig Veda: A Gateway to Understanding Ancient Indian Spirituality; The Atharvaveda: The Veda of Knowledge and Magic; Exploring the Puranas The Cultural and Spiritual Tapestry of Hinduism; The Upanishads: Foundations of Indian Thought and Their Global Philosophical Impact; The Yajurveda: The Veda of Ritual and Sacrifice; The Samaveda: A Melodic Expression of Ancient Indian Spirituality; The Vedas: Foundations of Ancient Knowledge and Philosophy in Hinduism; Namaste and Namaskar: The Spiritual and Cultural Essence of India's Sacred Greetings

From SmartCILP:

• Vincent J. Samar, Conceptual Schemes/Frameworks and Their Relation to Law: A New Argument for Separation of Church and State, 30 Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights and Social Justice 379-424 (2024).
• Weldon P. Sloan & Joseph M. Capobianco, Faith, Federal Courts, and Free Speech: Do Federal Courts Protect Religious Speech More than Non-Religious Speech?, 22 First Amendment Law Review 147-188 (2024).

Senate Judiciary Committee Holds Hearing on Antisemitism in America

On Wednesday, the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing titled Never To Be Silent: Stemming the Tide of Antisemitism in America. A video of the full hearing and transcripts of the prepared testimony by witnesses are available at the Committee's website.   Jewish News Syndicate reported on the hearing, describing it as a hearing "that addressed where to draw the line between free speech and Jew-hatred."

DOJ Dismisses Suit Claiming Idaho's Abortion Restrictions Conflict With EMTALA

On Wednesday, both parties filed a Stipulation of Dismissal (full text) in United States v. State of Idaho, (D ID, filed 3/5/2025). According to the Stipulation, filing of this with the federal district court in which the suit was brought automatically dissolves the preliminary injunction which the court issued in August 2022.  In the case, the district court had enjoined the state of Idaho from enforcing its nearly total abortion ban to the extent it conflicts with the federal Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act.  The case then worked its way to the U.S. Supreme Court which initially granted review and then instead returned the case to the 9th Circuit, finding that certiorari had been improvidently granted. (See prior posting.)  Most recently, the parties argued the case before the 9th Circuit. Idaho's Attorney General Raúl Labrador announced this week's dismissal of the case, saying in part that: "It has been our position from the beginning that there is no conflict between EMTALA and Idaho’s Defense of Life Act." Liberty Counsel issued a press release discussing these developments and pointing out:

Idaho’s abortion law continues to face a separate legal challenge. In January 2025, St. Luke’s Hospital System in Idaho brought a nearly identical lawsuit as to Biden’s claiming the state’s abortion ban prevents women from getting abortions as part of emergency medical care. In St. Luke’s Health System v. Labrador, U.S. District Judge B. Lynn Winmill, who had previously levied the injunction in Biden’s lawsuit, issued a temporary restraining order against Idaho’s attorney general’s office blocking it from enforcing the “Defense of Life Act” pending the results of a later proceedings.

9th Circuit: Church Lacks Standing to Challenge Washington's Health Insurance Coverage Requirements

In Cedar Park Assembly of God of Kirkland, Washington v. Kreidler, (9th Cir., March 6, 2025), the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in a 2-1 decision held that a church which opposes abortion and some forms of contraception lacks standing to challenge Washington's Reproductive Parity Act which requires health insurance carriers to provide coverage for contraceptives and abortions. A second state statute allows insurance companies to offer employee plans that accommodate a church's religious objections, so long as employees can separately access coverage for such services from the insurer. However, plaintiff church has been unable to find a plan that accommodates its objections. The court said in part: 

Nothing in the challenged law prevents any insurance company ... from offering Plaintiff a health plan that excludes direct coverage for abortion services. Therefore, an insurance company’s independent business decision not to offer such a plan is not traceable to the Parity Act....

Nothing in the record suggests that Plaintiff’s alleged injury would be redressed if we struck down the Parity Act....

Plaintiff contends, in the alternative, that an employer purchasing a no-abortion plan in Washington still “indirectly facilitates” the provision of abortion services to its employees.  Plaintiff relies on but-for reasoning.  As noted above, under the conscientious-objection statute, employees can obtain coverage for abortion services through their insurance carrier, whether or not the employer has a religious objection....  So, Plaintiff’s argument goes, employees receive coverage that they would not have but for the existence of the health plan provided by their employer, even if the employer’s plan does not itself provide that coverage.... We reject this theory as well.  The general disapproval of the actions that others might decide to take does not create standing, even when some tenuous connection may exist between the disapproving plaintiff and the offense-causing action.

Judge Callahan filed a dissenting opinion.  She agreed with plaintiff's "facilitation" argument. She added in part:

Cedar Park also has standing because the Parity Act caused Kaiser Permanente to stop providing a health plan that excludes abortion coverage and the church cannot procure a comparable replacement.

DOJ Starts Title VII "Pattern or Practice" Investigation of Antisemitism at University of California

The Department of Justice has launched an employment discrimination investigation of the University of California. A DOJ press release this week says in part:

The Federal Task Force to Combat Anti-Semitism announced that the Justice Department has opened a civil pattern or practice investigation into the University of California (UC) under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The investigation will assess whether UC has engaged in a pattern or practice of discrimination based on race, religion and national origin against its professors, staff and other employees by allowing an Antisemitic hostile work environment to exist on its campuses....

Under Title VII, the Justice Department has the authority to initiate investigations against state and local government employers where it has reason to believe that a “pattern or practice” of employment discrimination exists....

CBS News reports on the investigation.

Wyoming Enacts Ban on Transgender Access to Multi-Occupancy Restrooms, Changing and Sleeping Areas

On March 3, Wyoming Governor Mark Gordon signed HB0072, "Protecting Privacy in Public Spaces Act" (full text). The new law requires that multi-occupancy restrooms, changing areas and sleeping quarters in public buildings and educational institutions be designated for use either by males or females. The Act defines males and females by their biological reproductive organs and prohibits them from entering facilities designated for the opposite sex. The Act contains a number of elaborate exceptions.  It also requires educational facilities to provide reasonable accommodations to persons unwilling or unable to use the facility designated for that person's biological sex. The Act provides a cause of action against the government facility involved for a person who encounters a person of the opposite sex in a restroom, changing or sleeping area. Cowboy State Daily reports on the new law.

Refusal To Amend Birth Certificate Did Not Violate Plaintiff's 1st or 14th Amendment Rights

In Malone-Bey v. Mississippi State Board of Health, (MS App, March 4, 2025), a Mississippi state appellate court held that plaintiff's religious free exercise, equal protection and due process rights were not violated when the State Board of Health refused to amend his birth certificate to designate his race as “white: Asiatic/Moor.” The court said in part:

[Plaintiff] asserts that “[t]he inability to recognize this information on [his] birth certificate impedes his full expression of his identity.”  He further asserts that the Board is “discriminating against [him] or placing undue burdens on him due to his religious beliefs or status” and has “denied [him] the ability to fulfill religious obligations and affirm his identity.”

These arguments are without merit.  The Board is in no way “discriminating against” Malone-Bey.  To the contrary, the Board’s approved Certificate of Live Birth does not identify the race, nationality, or religion of any child.  The Board has not treated Malone-Bey different from anyone else.  The Board has treated him just like everyone else....

“Just as the [State] may not insist that [Malone-Bey] engage in any set form of religious observance, so [Malone-Bey] may not demand that the [State] join in [his] chosen religious practices by” adding new categories of information to the State’s records....

Trump Issues Ash Wednesday Greetings

Today the White House released an Ash Wednesday Message (full text) from President Trump and the First Lady. The Message reads in part:

This Ash Wednesday, we join in prayer with the tens of millions of American Catholics and other Christians beginning the holy season of Lent—a time of spiritual anticipation of the passion, death, and Resurrection of our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ....

As we solemnly contemplate Jesus Christ’s suffering and death on the cross this Lent, let us prepare our souls for the coming glory of the Easter miracle.

We offer you our best wishes for a prayerful and enriching Lenten season....

Court Enjoins Cutoff of Funds to Institutions Offering Gender-Affirming Care to Minors

In PFLAG, Inc. v. Trump, (D MD, March 4, 2025), a Maryland federal district court issued a nationwide preliminary injunction against enforcement of provisions in two Executive Orders that threaten to cut off federal funding to medical institutions that offer gender-affirming care to individuals under 19 years of age.  The court found that plaintiffs are likely to succeed on three claims, saying in part:

Because the Executive Orders direct agencies to withhold funding on a condition that Congress has not authorized, the President has exceeded his authority. The Plaintiffs have thus sufficiently shown likelihood of success on the merits of their ultra vires claim that the Executive Orders violate the separation of powers....

Plaintiffs accurately note that the Executive Orders foist upon hospitals receiving federal funds an impossible choice: (I) keep providing medical care to transgender patients under the age of nineteen in compliance with the anti-discrimination statutes and risk losing federal funding under the Executive Orders, or (2) stop providing care on the basis of trans gender identity in violation of the statutes, but in compliance with the EOs. Because the challenged portions of the Executive Orders are facially discriminatory on the basis of transgender identity, and therefore sex under Kadel and Bostock, in violation of Section 1557 of the ACA and Section 1908 of the PHSA, the Court finds that Plaintiffs are likely to succeed on the merits of their ultra vires statutory claim....

Guided and bound by Fourth Circuit's analysis in Kadel, and with a barer record than the one before the Fourth Circuit there, the Court is compelled to find that the Executive Orders' effective ban on all gender-affirming care for those under nineteen by federally funded institutions is not substantially related to the important government interest of protecting children. As such, Plaintiffs are likely to succeed on the merits of their Equal Protection claim....

Last month, the court issued a nation-wide temporary restraining order in the case. (See prior posting.)  ACLU issued a press release announcing yesterday's decision.

Trump Issues Ramadan Greetings

On Monday, The White House posted President Trump's Message on Ramadan (full text), saying in part:

As millions of Muslim Americans begin their Ramadan observances, my Administration recommits to upholding religious liberty that is such an integral part of the American way of life.  Above all, we renew our resolve to building a future of peace, and to recognizing the dignity imprinted on every human soul.

This Ramadan, I offer my best wishes for a season of joyous reflection on God’s endless grace and infinite love.  May God bless you and your families during this wondrous season.

Missouri Regulation of Church-Run Child Care Homes Upheld

In CNS International Ministries, Inc. v. Bax, (ED MO, March 3, 2025), a Missouri federal district court rejected a series of challenges to Missouri's Residential Care Facility Notification Act. The Act requires disclosures, background checks, recordkeeping, and health and safety standards for residential care facilities housing children that are run by religious organizations. In particular CNS objected to background checks that disqualified two of its employees. Among other things, the court concluded that the statute did not infringe CNS's 1st Amendment right to expressive association, saying in part:

Under the statute and its regulations, members of CNSIMI have the potential to be excluded from HCYH, one of CNSIMI’s programs and not its entire ministry.  Plaintiff has not established partial exclusion from HCYH would amount to a significant burden on its right to freedom of association.  But even if partial exclusion were a significant burden, the Court finds the State has a compelling interest in protecting children who are residents of LERCFs, and the RCFNA’s disclosure and background check requirements are narrowly tailored to achieve that interest....

Rejecting plaintiff's parental rights argument, the court said in part:

Under Pierce, parents cannot be compelled to send their children to public schools; they have a fundamental right to choose a private school....  Parents, however, do not have a fundamental right to send their children to a private school free of state regulation, including reasonable background check requirements.  ...

Rejecting CNS's ministerial exception argument, the court said in part:

CNSIMI does not claim that any of its “ministers” have been deemed to be ineligible for employment or presence at HCYH.  It is undisputed that two CNSIMI employees did not meet RCFNA’s background check requirements, but Plaintiff does not argue that these two employees – one who was a janitor and the other who was a cafeteria worker – meet the functional requirements of a “minister.”... Furthermore, the Court declines to make a blanket determination that CNSIMI’s teachers, house parents, administrators, and board members qualify under the ministerial exception without evidence as to how specific individuals perform these jobs....

2nd Circuit Rejects Amish Challenge to Removal of Religious Exemption from School Vaccine Requirements

In Miller v. McDonald, (2d Cir., March 3, 2025), the U.S. 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals held that New York state's removal of a religious belief exemption from its school immunization law did not violate the 1st Amendment free exercise rights of Amish parents or Amish schools. The court held that the public health law is neutral on its face and its legislative history does not reveal an anti-religious bias. It also rejected plaintiffs' contention that the law is not generally applicable, saying in part:

Plaintiffs contend that exempting students for medical reasons treats comparable secular conduct more favorably than religious beliefs.....

Repealing the religious exemption decreases “to the greatest extent medically possible” the number of unvaccinated students and thus the risk of disease; maintaining the medical exemption allows “the small proportion of students” who medically “cannot be vaccinated” to avoid the health consequences that “taking a particular vaccine would inflict.” ...  Exempting religious objectors, however, detracts from that interest.  Religious exemptions increase “the risk of transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases among vaccinated and unvaccinated students alike.”...   

In sum, Plaintiffs have failed to allege that § 2164 is anything but neutral and generally applicable.  The district court therefore did not err in applying rational basis review. As noted, Plaintiffs have conceded that the law satisfies rational basis review....

[Plaintiffs] claim that the school immunization law mandates two impossible options: inject their children with vaccines, forcing conduct against their religious beliefs, or forego educating their children in a group setting, requiring them to sacrifice a central religious practice.  True, Plaintiffs have shown that § 2164 burdens their religious beliefs and practices; but those burdens are not equivalent to the existential threat the Amish faced in Yoder.  Unlike in Yoder, compliance with § 2164 would not forcibly remove Amish children from their community at the expense of the Amish faith or the Amish way of life. 

Moreover, Yoder’s holding is limited by the state’s interest in protecting public health....

Coffee House Sued Over Separate Antisemitic Incidents Involving Harassment of Customers

 A suit under California's Unruh Civil Rights Act alleging religious discrimination was filed yesterday in a California state trial court against an Oakland, California coffee house that (unknown to plaintiff) had a history of promoting menu items with names connected with Hamas. The complaint (full text) in Hirsch v. Native Grounds, Inc. (D/B/A Jerusalem Coffee House), (CA Super. Ct., filed 3/3/2025), alleges that plaintiff, a Jewish American who entered the coffee house with his 5-year-old son, was asked restaurant's owner (also a defendant) to leave because he was wearing a baseball cap that featured a Jewish star.  The complaint alleges in part:

26. Within minutes of sitting down, Mr. Hirsch was approached by Defendant Harara. Harara demanded to know whether Hirsch was a “Zionist.” ... When Hirsch refused to answer Harara’s question, Harara demanded that he leave the premises. 

27. Harara threatened to call the police and repeatedly demanded that Hirsch leave the premises, which he described as his private business.... When Hirsch pointed out that he was being asked to leave because his hat depicted a Jewish star, Harara stated that “this is a violent hat, and you need to leave.” 

28. An employee of the East Bay Community Space ... stated that it was the business’ right and that “they could ask you to leave for any reason.” Mr. Hirsch again pointed out that a business cannot refuse service to someone solely ... because of their religion. Raven [the employee] disagreed, claiming “they’re allowed to ask you to leave for any reason” and ... claiming that “the only reason they know you’re a protected class is that you’re putting on your hat. You’re choosing to be here in this situation.”

San Francisco Standard reports on the lawsuit.

This suit follows one filed in a California federal district court by another plaintiff several days earlier alleging antisemitic discrimination at the same coffee house.  The complaint (full text) in Radice v. Jerusalem Boxing Club, LLC, (ND CA, filed 2/27/2025), alleges in part:

2. Once in July 2024 and once in August 2024, Mr. Radice visited Oakland in connection with his work as the interim executive director for a nonprofit organization to secure the East Bay Community Space ... as a venue for a fundraiser event for that nonprofit organization. The Community Space’s building houses JBC and JCH [Jerusalem Coffee House]. 

3. On both occasions, Mr. Radice was harassed and excluded from JCH (a place of public accommodation), explicitly because he is Jewish. On the second occasion, Mr. Radice was refused service and followed out of JCH and down the block. Accordingly, JBC violated Mr. Radice’s civil rights under both federal and California law. 

ADL issued a press release announcing the filing of this lawsuit.

Recent Articles of Interest

NOTE to Readers: An unusually large number of articles of interest were posted online during the past week--

From SSRN:

• Matthew K. Minerd, The Influence of John of St. Thomas Upon the Thought of Jacques Maritain, (Studia Poinsotiana, No. 2. (2024)).
• Yuanlou Lin, Though Shut in Caves and Sealed in Jars, Qumran Scrolls Were Not Hidden to Not Be Found by Us, (February 27, 2025).
• Stephanie H. Barclay & Matthew Krauter, The Untold Story of the Proto-Smith Era: Justice O'Connor's Papers and the Court's Free Exercise Revolution, (174 U. Penn. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2025)).
• Samuel J. Levine, Foreword "The Conference of Religiously Affiliated Law Schools", (Touro Law Review: Vol. 38: No. 4, Article 3 (2023).
• Samuel J. Levine, Interpreting Religious Doctrine: The Third Rail that Wags the Dog in Religion Clause Jurisprudence, (81 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 1477, Fall 2024).
• Jennifer Lee Koh, Christian Lawyers in the Public Interest and Outside the Political Right, (BYU Law Review (forthcoming 2026)).
• Benjamin M. Leff, Getting Donor-Advised Funds Regulation Right: Closing the Public-Support Test Loophole, (February 21, 2025).
• Rosemary Teele Langford & Malcolm Anderson, Religious Charities in Australia: Implications for Governance Under Traditional Values and Outlooks, (March 25, 2024).
• Michael Bindas, Meyer, Pierce, and Everything After, (26 J. Contemp. Legal Issues 281 (2025) (forthcoming)).
• Aaron Tang & Ethan Hutt, "Original History" and the Free Exercise Case for Religious Charter Schools, (January 24, 2025).
• Naomi R. Cahn, Maxine Eichner & Mary E. Ziegler, "For Their Benefit": The Lost History of Parental Consent and Minors' Rights, (114 Calif. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2026)).
• Henry F. Fradella, How State Courts Apply Lawrence v. Texas in Civil Contexts: A Mixed-Methods Content Analysis of Two Decades of Cases, 32 Tulane Jour. of Law & Sexuality 1 (2023).

From SSRN (Marriage):

• Lee Anne Fennell, Owning Marriage in Robinson's Gilead Novels, (Connubial Fictions: The Evolution of American Marriage in Law and Literature (Richard H. McAdams, Jonathan S. Masur, and Martha C. Nussbaum eds.) (forthcoming Oxford UP)).
• Damir Banović, Normalizing Queer and the Loss of Critical Potential? Same-Sex Marriage: to Equality or Liberation?, (Fabio Macioce, Dragica Vujadinović and Zara Saeidzadeh (eds.) "Feminist Legal and Political Practices - The Contemporary Interplay of Gender, Intersectionality and Diversity", Springer Nature (forthcoming in 2025)).
• Anthony C. Infanti, Ten Years After Windsor and Obergefell: The Tax Inequalities of Marriage Equality, (Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review (forthcoming)).

From SSRN (Abortion and Reproductive Rights):

• David S. Cohen & Carole Joffe, After Dobbs: How the Supreme Court Ended Roe but Not Abortion (Book Introduction and Epilogue), (January 25, 2025).
• Mridula Raman, Prosecutorial Discretion and the Crime of Abortion, (Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 43, pp. 171-250 (2024)).
• Evan D. Bernick, Cthulhu and the Constitution, (February 22, 2025).
• Makayla Haussler, Confronting State-Sanctioned Reproductive Abuse: Reproductive Justice, Domestic Violence, and the Promise of State Constitutional Rights to Safety Post-Dobbs, (January 15, 2025).
• David S. Cohen & Rachel Rebouche, Repealing Comstock, (104 Boston University Law Review Online 267 (2024)).
• Scott DeVito, Dobbs Is, Historically, Right, (January 01, 2025).
• Brendan Mohan, Dobbs v. Employee Benefits: Major Questions Left After the Landmark Decision, (November 25, 2024).

From SSRN (Islamic Law):

• Amr Ibn Munir, The Islamic Law of Treaty, (February 03, 2025).
• Imam Sujono, Yovita Arie Mangesti, Slamet Suhartono & Zaleha Kamaruddin, Islamic Legal Perspective on the Implementation of Online Marriage Contracts During the Covid-19 Pandemic, (Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi dan Penelitian Hukum Islam | Vol. 6, No. 1, October 2022).
• Abdulkadir Abubakar Adam & Aina-Obe Shamsuddin Bolatito, Navigating Digital Morality and Hisba Board's Strategies: The Challenges of Online Immorality Induction Among Youth in Kano State, Nigeria, (February 16, 2025).
• Bolatito, Aina-Obe Shamsuddin Bolatito & Nazifi Dahiru Abdullahi, A Faith-Based Framework for Mitigating Corruption in Nigeria; An Islamo-Christian Perspective, (February 08, 2025).
• Rifqi Khairul Anam, The Meaning of The Madura Proverb "Bhuppa'-Bhâbhu'-Ghuru-Rato" in Hasan Hanafi's Social Theology Perspective and Its Relevance to Community Development, (October 24, 2024).
• Sophia Chima, Balancing Freedom of Religion and Freedom of Expression: Review of the Blasphemy Laws in Nigeria, (November 21, 2024).
• Shameer Modongal, Prophet's Teaching on Jar: Application of Islamic Ethics of Neighborhood in the New Globalized Society, (November 29, 2023).
• Md. Omar Farque, Muslim Wife’s Right to Maintenance in Bangladesh: Analysed Through the Lenses of Shari’ah and Judicial Decisions, (November 12, 2024).

From SSRN (Law of India):

• Prashant Kumar Chauhan & Vikas Singh Yadav, Impact of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 on Women’s Property Rights, (International Journal of Law, Management & Humanities, Volume 8 | Pp. 554-560, Issue 1 2025).
• Tapesh Meghwal, Faith and Safety: Legal Frameworks and Challenges of Managing Crowd Risks at Religious Gatherings in India, (December 20, 2024).
• Aayush Bhardwaj & Heena Parveen, The Nexus Between the Ramayana and State Administration, (in P. Salgar (Ed.), Ramayana: Instrument for Indianising Socio-Legal Approaches (pp. 189-203) (2024)).

From SmartCILP:

• Christopher J. Manettas, A License to Discriminate? 303 Creative v. Elenis and Where the Supreme Court May Go, 39 Touro Law Review 539-552 (2024).
• Allen Rostron, Saints, Satanists, and Religious Public Charter Schools, 59 Tulsa Law Review 451-486 (2024).
• Wayne Law Review Symposium “The Evolution of Religious Liberty”, 70 Wayne Law Review, Issue 1 (2024).

Iowa Governor Signs Law Ending Anti-Discrimination Protection for Transgender Individuals

On Feb. 28, Iowa Governor Kim Reynolds signed Senate File 418 (full text) which removes "gender identity" as a protected class under the state's anti-discrimination laws. It also provides that in construing state statutes, a reference to "sex" means "the state of being either male or female as observed or clinically verified at birth." The law also bars issuance of a new birth certificate reflecting a sex change. In her signing statement (full text), Governor Reynolds said in part:

It is common sense to acknowledge the obvious biological differences between men and women. In fact, it is necessary to secure genuine equal protection for women and girls....

I know this is a sensitive issue for some, many of whom have heard misinformation about what this bill does. The truth is that it simply brings Iowa in line with the federal Civil Rights Code, as well as most states.

We all agree that every Iowan, without exception, deserves respect and dignity. We are all children of God, and no law changes that.

Iowa Public Radio reports on the bill.