Michigan Abortion Rights Amendment Faces Possible Ballot Exclusion Because of Typographical Formatting Errors

Earlier today, the Michigan Board of State Canvassers deadlocked 2-2, along party lines, in its vote on approving for inclusion on the November ballot an abortion rights state constitutional amendment. As reported by the Detroit Free Press, while backers had obtained far more than the minimum number of petition signatures need for inclusion on the ballot, challengers focused on the formatting of the text of the proposed amendment on the petition which erroneously ran several words together so that there were no spaces between the words. The Board of State Canvassers staff report said in part:

The Michigan Constitution of 1963 requires that the “petition shall include the full text of the proposed amendment”....

The RFFA petition includes the same letters, arranged in the same order, as the petition conditionally approved at the March 23rd Board meeting... Certain portions of the petition have smaller spaces between words; the spacing between words in some instances appears similar to the spacing between letters within words. The Michigan Election Law is silent on the amount of space that must be between letters and words in a petition.

Challengers argued that because of these typographical errors, the petitions do not contain the full text of the proposed amendment.

Under MCL §168.479, a decision of the Board of State Canvassers may be challenged by a petition filed with the state Supreme Court within 7 days of the decision. The group sponsoring the amendment, Reproductive Freedom For All, has already announced that it will appeal to the Michigan Supreme Court.

Another Lawsuit Over Touro Synagogue Dismissed On A Technicality

Providence Journal reports on the latest legal scuffle over the historic Touro Synagogue which is owned by New York's Shearith Israel congregation, but which has been the home of Rhode Island-based Congregation Jeshuat Israel. (See prior related posting.) Shearith Israel had filed an action to evict Jeshuat Israel, though Shearith Israel says it was merely trying to obtain more transparency and two seats on Jeshuat Israel's 15-person board. A Rhode Island state trial court judge seized on a technicality to dismiss the eviction action. Judge Colleen Hastings concluded in an Aug. 29 decision that the eviction notice ordered Jeshuat Israel to vacate the premises on January 31, the last day of its lease, while it should have ordered it to vacate on February 1, the day after the lease expired. Apparently this latest controversy arose when the New York congregation discovered that a tombstone had been erected in the Rhode Island synagogue's cemetery for New York businessman, diplomat and philanthropist John Loeb, though Loeb is still alive. Loeb contributed $12 million for the building of the visitor center at Touro Synagogue.

Religious Discrimination Claims Against Child Protective Services Meet Procedural Hurdles

In Gautreaux v. Masters, (WD TX, Aug. 29, 2022), a Texas federal magistrate judge recommended that the court dismiss some or all of the free exercise and due process claims brought by foster parents who were accused by the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS) of child abuse. The opinion describes plaintiffs' allegations:

[DFPS] asked the couple to identify their religion during the application process, and they identified themselves as practicing members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latterday Saints.... Gautreaux alleges that DFPS demonstrated "hostility toward the Gautreauxes' religion" at their initial interview, while their follow-up interview "exclusively concerned the Gautreauxes' religious practices and beliefs."...

... DFPS informed Gautreaux that the department had found there was "reason to believe" she had committed the alleged abuse, resulting in Gautreaux being placed on the DFPS central registry "as a child abuser." ... Gautreaux alleges that DFPS's decision was motivated by religious "animus" and that there was no evidence of abuse to support the finding....

Gautreaux alleges that she is unable to practice her religion as a result of her placement on the DFPS central registry. Specifically, Gautreaux alleges that she cannot participate in her "calling" - an assignment made by Church leaders - which is to "teach singing to children in her local church."

In a lengthy opinion, the Magistrate Judge recommended either that all the claims be dismissed under the Younger abstention doctrine, or alternatively that most of plaintiffs' free exercise claims be dismissed because of 11th Amendment sovereign immunity. Under the alternative recommendation, the court could move ahead on  claims challenging DFPS's policies of considering religious beliefs and practices as a concern in abuse investigations and its disregarding of inconsistent court rulings.

7th Circuit: Plaintiffs Failed To Show Facts Supporting Free Exercise Objections To COVID Vaccine Mandate

In Lukaszczyk v. Cook County, (7th Cir., Aug. 29, 2022), the U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals, ruling on three separate district court cases, refused to order preliminary injunctions against local and state COVID vaccine mandates.  The court said in part:

The plaintiffs argue the mandates violate their constitutional rights to substantive due process, procedural due process, and the free exercise of religion. They also contend the mandates violate Illinois state law. Although the plaintiffs could have presented some forceful legal arguments, they have failed to develop factual records to support their claims. Because the plaintiffs have not shown a likelihood of success on the merits, we affirm the decisions of the district judges....

Discussing plaintiffs' Free Exercise claims, the court said in part: 

[I]f these assertions have merit, there is no record evidence to support them. The plaintiffs should have gathered facts and created a record detailing any wrongful denials of requests for religious exemptions. Instead, they made a facial challenge, which ignored the text of the policy’s religious exemption and the status of the plaintiffs’ exemption requests. This does not show a violation of their right to freely exercise their religions.

9th Circuit: High School Must Recognize Fellowship of Christian Athletes

In Fellowship of Christian Athletes v. San Jose Unified School District Board of Education, (9th Cir., Aug. 29. 2022), the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, in a 2-1 decision, ordered reinstatement of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes as an official student club at San Jose high schools.  The majority said in part:

This case pits two competing values that we cherish as a nation: the principle of non-discrimination on the one hand, and the First Amendment’s protection of free exercise of religion and free speech on the other hand.

The Fellowship of Christian Athletes (FCA) requires students serving in leadership roles to abide by a Statement of Faith, which includes the belief that sexual relations should be limited within the context of a marriage between a man and a woman. The San Jose Unified School District ... revoked FCA’s status as an official student club at its high schools, claiming that FCA’s religious pledge requirement violates the School District’s non-discrimination policy.

... Under the First Amendment, our government must be scrupulously neutral when it comes to religion: It cannot treat religious groups worse than comparable secular ones. But the School District did just that.

The School District engaged in selective enforcement of its own non-discrimination policy, penalizing FCA while looking the other way with other student groups. For example, the School District blessed student clubs whose constitutions limited membership based on gender identity or ethnicity, despite the school’s policies barring such restricted membership. The government cannot set double standards to the detriment of religious groups only.

Judge Lee filed a concurring opinion, saying in part:

One schoolteacher called the Fellowship of Christian Athletes’ (FCA) beliefs “bullshit” and sought to ban it from campus. Another described evangelical Christians as “charlatans” who perpetuate “darkness” and “ignorance.”...

This is not, to put it mildly, neutral treatment of religion. More than a whiff, a stench of animus against the students’ religious beliefs pervades the Pioneer High School campus. I write separately to highlight the depth of that animus and explain why it is yet another reason why the School District violated the Free Exercise Clause.

Judge Christen dissented, saying in part:

My colleagues are correct that the competing values at issue in this case are cherished by our nation and enshrined in our Constitution. The plaintiffs will surely have their day in court for their claims of past harm. Once they do, the court will have to consider both the plaintiffs’ rights and the rights of those they would exclude. Notably, the majority offers no limiting principle to the permission it grants allowing one club to discriminate. In the meantime, we are not free to contort our standing jurisprudence in order to prematurely reach the merits and we ought not do so in a case of this magnitude before the record has been developed and tested.

NYC Vaccine Mandate Upheld

In Kane v. DeBlasio, (SD NY, Aug. 26, 2022), a New York federal district court rejected a challenge by New York City teachers, administrators and staff to New York City's public employee COVID vaccine mandate. They claimed the mandate violates their 1st and 14th amendment rights.  Discussing plaintiffs' free exercise claim, the court said in part:

The Second Circuit has already found that “[t]he Vaccine Mandate, in all its iterations, is neutral and generally applicable.”...

Ignoring the fact that the pandemic has claimed the lives of more than a million people in the United States, plaintiffs take the bold position that the Mandate has the “express purpose of inflicting special disability against minority religious viewpoints,” ... rather than its obvious and explicit goals to ... “potentially save lives, protect public health, and promote public safety.”...

Plaintiffs’ arguments that the Vaccine Mandate is not generally applicable again rely on arguments that the Second Circuit already rejected. 

Christian Healthcare Organization Sues Over Michigan Non-Discrimination Law

Suit was filed yesterday in a Michigan federal district court by a faith-based healthcare organization contending that Michigan's employment discrimination law violates its free exercise, free speech and due process rights. The 73-page complaint (full text) in Christian Healthcare Centers, Inc. v. Nessel, (WD MI, filed 8/29/2022), contends in part:

Under the guise of stopping discrimination, the law discriminates against religious organizations, requiring them to forfeit their religious character and hire people who do not share their faith. That same law also forces Christian Healthcare to prescribe cross-sex hormones and refer to patients in communications and medical records according to their stated gender identity, rather than their biological sex. All of this violates Christian Healthcare’s religious convictions. In effect, the law requires Christian Healthcare to check its religious faith at the clinic door—the very faith that motivates the clinic to open its doors to help those in need....

290. Michigan’s laws do not contain a religious exemption for religious entities like Christian Healthcare.

291. Michigan’s Employment Clause allows employers to apply to the Commission for an exemption on the basis that religion is a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) reasonably necessary to the normal operation of the business or enterprise. MCL 37.2208; MDCR Rule 37.25(1)....

297. Because Christian Healthcare requires all employees to affirm and live in accordance with its Religious Statements, which prohibit same-sex relationships and expressing a transgender identity, it would need a BFOQ exemption from discrimination on the basis sexual orientation, gender identity, and religion for every one of its employees.

ADF issued a press release announcing the filing of the lawsuit.

Yeshiva University Asks Supreme Court For Stay While State Court Ruling On Recognizing LGBTQ Group Is Appealed

Yesterday, an emergency Application for a Stay Pending Appellate Review (full text) was filed in Yeshiva University v. YU Pride Alliance, (Sup. Ct., filed 8/29/2022). In the case,  a New York state trial court held that New York City's public accommodation law requires Yeshiva University to officially recognize as a student organization an LGBTQ group, YU Pride Alliance. (See prior posting.) State appellate courts refused to stay the ruling. The petition contends that Yeshiva University is likely to succeed on its contention that forcing it to recognize the group violates the University's free exercise rights and the principles of church autonomy. The filing asks that alternatively it be treated as a petition for certiorari. Becket issued a press release announcing the filing of the Application.

RFRA Defense Cannot Be Decided On Pre-Trial Motion

In United States v. Skeet, (D NM, Aug. 26, 2022), a New Mexico federal district court held that defendant, a member of the Navajo nation, must assert as a defense at trial rather than in a pre-trial motion, the contention that the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Bald and Gold Eagle Protection Act violate his rights under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. The court said in part:

[B]ecause Mr. Skeet’s RFRA defense implicates primarily factual rather than legal issues, the Court finds that this defense is “territory reserved to the jury as the ultimate finder of fact in our criminal justice system.” ... Additionally, because the RFRA defense goes to the ultimate issue of Mr. Skeet’s guilt, it would require a trial on the merits of the case—a prospect that is proscribed by Rule 12(b)(1) and that disserves judicial economy.... Nevertheless, Mr. Skeet is welcome to assert a RFRA defense at trial.

Marine Corps Enjoined From Discharging Religious Objectors To COVID Vaccination

In Colonel Financial Management Officer v. Austin, (MD FL, Aug. 18, 2022), a Florida federal district court certified as a class all Marines who have a sincere religious objection to COVID vaccination and whose request for a religious accommodation has been (or will  be) denied on appeal. According to the court:

The Marine Corps has granted only eleven accommodations, less than three-tenths of a percent (0.295%) of the 3,733 applications. The record presents no successful applicant other than a few who are due for retirement and prompt separation.

The court found "a systemic failure by the Marine Corps to satisfy RFRA." It said in part:

Notwithstanding a chaplain's affirmation, the Marine Corps rejects as insubstantial any religious objection grounded in the vaccine's connection to aborted fetal tissue because "fetal stem cells are neither used in the manufacture of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine nor are they present in the vaccine itself." This "finding," a unilateral lay declaration about a much discussed and much-debated topic, says nothing about the use of aborted fetal cells in the development of the vaccine and this finding says nothing about (and can say nothing about) the theological consequences of that use or about either moral or factual uncertainty. The "finding" says nothing about the religious concepts of, for example, accepting a personal benefit from evil, assisting someone in profiting from evil, cooperating in evil, appropriation of evil, de-sensitization to evil, moral contamination by intimacy with evil, ratification of evil, complicity with evil, or other considerations undoubtedly familiar to a theologian and likely familiar to a thoughtful and religious lay person who has contemplated evil.

The court issued a preliminary injunction against enforcement of the vaccine mandate against class members, or discharge or harassment of them.

Recent Articles of Interest

 From SSRN:

• Russell G. Pearce & Laynie Soloman, ’Nothing About Us Without Us’: Toward a Liberatory Heterodox Halakha, (Forthcoming, 37 Touro L. Rev. 1769-1835, 2022).
• Matthew Goldammer, Protecting Church Autonomy in the Twenty-First Century: A Defense of the Compulsory Deference Approach for Church Property Litigation, (Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics and Public Policy, Forthcoming).
• Giancarlo Anello, Mohamed A. Arafa & Sergio Alberto Gramitto Ricci, Sacred Corporate Law, (Seattle University Law Review, Vol. 45, 2021).
• Ido Katri, The Perils of Gender Self-Determination- Global Shifts in Sex Reclassification Law and Policy, (American Journal of Comparative Law (Forthcoming)).

From SmartCILP and elsewhere:

• Steven K. Green, The Supreme Court's Ahistorical Religion Clause Historicism, 73 Baylor Law Review 505-561 (2021).
• William Thomas Worster, The Human Rights Obligations of the Holy See under the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 31 Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 351-424 (2021).
• Australian Journal of Law & Religion, Volume 1 (2022).

5th Circuit Approves Injunction Shielding Religious Organizations From Mandate On Transgender Medical Care

In Franciscan Alliance, Inc. v. Becerra, (5th Cir., Aug. 26, 2022), the U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals, invoking RFRA, upheld a Texas federal district court's issuance of a permanent injunction barring the government from interpreting or enforcing provisions of the Affordable Care Act to require religious organizations, in violation of their religious beliefs, to perform or provide insurance coverage for gender-reassignment surgeries or abortions. At issue is the interpretation of the ACA's ban on discrimination on the basis of sex. The court however held that an alternative claim based on the Administrative Procedure Act was moot. Becket issued a press release announcing the decision.

California Must Allow Churches To Opt Out Of Abortion Coverage In Their Health Care Plans

In Foothill Church v. Watanabe, (ED CA, Aug. 25, 2022), a California federal district court held that the California Department of Managed Health Care (DMHC) should have taken steps so that objecting churches could be exempt from the Department's requirement that health insurance policies cover abortion services. DMHC argued that only health care plans are subject to its regulation, so exemptions will be granted only to plans, not to employers. Subjecting plaintiffs' Free Exercise claim to strict scrutiny because the DMHC rule is subject to a system of individual exemptions and thus is not "generally applicable," the court said in part:

[T]he court assumes without deciding that the Director’s understanding of the scope of her regulatory authority, that she is limited to regulating health plans, is correct. Nonetheless, nothing in the statutory text explicitly precludes her from fielding requests for exemptions from religious claimants. Likewise, nothing appears to preclude the Director from directing the religious claimant’s plan to submit a revised evidence of coverage document comporting with the religious claimant’s belief to the DMHC for approval. The Director’s authority to give orders to a plan does not foreclose the authority to consider requests for those orders from others. In the end, the Director is still regulating the plan.

... The Director’s denial of the Churches’ request for exceptions to accommodate their religious beliefs, based solely on the fact that those requests did not originate with a plan, was not narrowly tailored to serve a compelling interest.

ADF issued a press release announcing the decision.

8th Circuit Upholds Injunction On Gender Transition Procedures Ban

In Brandt v. Rutledge, (8th Cir., Aug. 25, 2022), the U.S. 8th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed an Arkansas district court's grant of a preliminary injunction against enforcement of Arkansas' ban on healthcare professionals providing gender transition procedures to anyone under 18, or referring minors for such procedures. Finding that the law violates the Equal Protection Clause, the court said in part:

[U]nder the Act, medical procedures that are permitted for a minor of one sex are prohibited for a minor of another sex. A minor born as a male may be prescribed testosterone or have breast tissue surgically removed, for example, but a minor born as a female is not permitted to seek the same medical treatment. Because the minor’s sex at birth determines whether or not the minor can receive certain types of medical care under the law, Act 626 discriminates on the basis of sex.

Arkansas’s characterization of the Act as creating a distinction on the basis of medical procedure rather than sex is unpersuasive.

Arkansas Times reports on the decision.

Sikh Marine Recruits Lose Bid For Turbans and Unshorn Hair During Recruit Training

In Toor v. Berger, (D DC, Aug. 24, 2022), the D.C. federal district court refused to grant a preliminary injunction to three Sikh Marine recruits who wanted to prevent enforcement of the Marine's uniform and grooming policies during recruit training while their case continues to be litigated. Sikh religious beliefs require plaintiffs to maintain an unshorn beard and hair, wear a turban and wear other religious items. Plaintiffs contend that denying accommodation of their religious practices violates RFRA, the Free Exercise Clause and the Equal Protection Clause. The court held that even if plaintiffs have shown a likelihood of success on the merits and irreparable injury, the balance of equities and the overall public interest favor the military at this preliminary stage of proceedings. The court said in part:

The Marines have thus "credibly alleged" that "training in [the] manner" that would be required by the requested injunction will "pose a serious threat to national security" by disrupting defendant's well established method of transforming recruits through the discipline of uniformity.

Court Enjoins Idaho Abortion Ban When It Conflicts With Federal Emergency Treatment Requirement

In United States v. State of Idaho, (D ID, Aug. 24, 2022), an Idaho federal district court enjoined the state of Idaho from enforcing its nearly total abortion ban to the extent it conflicts with the federal Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act.  The court said in part:

[T]he State of Idaho, including all of its officers, employees, and agents, are prohibited from initiating any criminal prosecution against, attempting to suspend or revoke the professional license of, or seeking to impose any other form of liability on, any medical provider or hospital based on their performance of conduct that (1) is defined as an “abortion” under Idaho Code § 18-604(1), but that is necessary to avoid (i) “placing the health of” a pregnant patient “in serious jeopardy”; (ii) a “serious impairment to bodily functions” of the pregnant patient; or (iii) a “serious dysfunction of any bodily organ or part” of the pregnant patient, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(e)(1)(A)(i)-(iii).

Idaho law permits an abortion only to save the life of the mother.  The Hill reports on the decision.

Court Enjoins Enforcement In Texas Of HHS Emergency Abortion Guidance

In State of Texas v. Becerra, (ND TX, Aug. 23, 2022), a Texas federal district court issued a preliminary injunction prohibiting enforcement in Texas of the Department of Health and Human Services' guidance to hospitals (and accompanying letter) which, relying on the federal Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act, requires hospital emergency rooms to perform certain abortions even when they violate Texas law. According to the Guidance, when an abortion is the stabilizing treatment necessary to resolve an emergency medical condition, EMTALA requires emergency rooms to perform it. The court's 67-page opinion said in part:

Texas law already overlaps with EMTALA to a significant degree, allowing abortions in life-threatening conditions and for the removal of an ectopic or miscarried pregnancy. But in Dobbs’s wake and in an attempt to resolve any potential conflict with state law, the Department of Health and Human Services issued Guidance purporting to remind providers of their existing EMTALA obligations to provide abortions regardless of state law. That Guidance goes well beyond EMTALA’s text, which protects both mothers and unborn children, is silent as to abortion, and preempts state law only when the two directly conflict. Since the statute is silent on the question, the Guidance cannot answer how doctors should weigh risks to both a mother and her unborn child. Nor can it, in doing so, create a conflict with state law where one does not exist. The Guidance was thus unauthorized. In any event, HHS issued it without the required opportunity for public comment.

Reuters reports on the decision.

Synagogue's Suit Over Zoning Denial Is Dismissed

In Chabad of Prospect, Inc. v. Louisville Metro Board of  Zoning Adjustment,(WD KY, Aug. 23, 2022), a Kentucky federal district court dismissed a suit brought against zoning officials by a synagogue that was denied a conditional use permit to use a home purchased by it for religious services. When the property was put up for sale, zoning rules allowed its use for religious purposes.  However, before plaintiff purchased the property the city removed that provision and required a conditional use permit. Plaintiff was unaware of the change. The court held that plaintiff's Sec. 1983 claim alleging 1st Amendment violations was barred by the statute of limitations. Additionally, it held that plaintiff failed to state a claim under RLUIPA, saying in part:

Chabad alleged only that it chose and purchased the property “specifically” to open a synagogue for the community given that there are “[v]ery few synagogues” in the area and having one in “Prospect is vital to its mission.”... It didn’t allege any delay, expense, and uncertainty due to the burden of the denial. And Chabad never alleged that alternatives are infeasible, nor any other facts that indicate a substantial burden.

The court also rejected a claim under RLUIPA's "equal terms" provision, saying in part:

Chabad hasn’t offered anything to rebut the prediction that a house of worship would be more likely to cause greater traffic problems than regular residential events, even if the religious services are currently smaller....

Finally, the court rejected plaintiffs' state law claims.

Utah Court Strikes Down Ban On Transgender Girls On School Sports Teams

 In Roe v. Utah High School Activities Association, (UT Dist. Ct., Aug. 19, 2022), a Utah state trial court issued a preliminary injunction barring enforcement of a provision in Utah law that bans transgender girls from competing on pre-college girls sports teams. Under Utah law, if the ban is enjoined a School Activity Eligibility Commission is to be created that will consider confidentially on a case-by-case basis whether it would be fair for a particular transgender student to compete on girls' teams. The court said in part:

The Court finds that Plaintiffs have shown a substantial likelihood that the Ban violates the uniform operation of laws (“UOL”) clause of the Utah Constitution....

Both a plain reading of the Ban and relevant case law demonstrate that the legislation classifies individuals based on transgender status and, therefore, on sex....

During the 2021-22 school year, only four of the 75,000 students that played high school sports in Utah were transgender. Of those four, only one student played on a girls’ team.... There is no support for a claim “that allowing transgender women to compete on women’s teams would substantially displace female athletes.”....  

Similarly, Plaintiffs’ evidence suggests that there is no basis to assume that transgender girls have an automatic physiological advantage over other girls. Before puberty, boys have no significant athletic advantage over girls.... Many transgender girls – including two of the plaintiffs in this case – medically transition at the onset of puberty, thereby never gaining any potential advantages that the increased production of testosterone during male puberty may create.... Other transgender girls may mitigate any potential advantages by receiving hormone therapy.... And still others may simply have no discernable advantage in any case, depending on the student’s age, level of ability, and the sport in which they wish to participate. The evidence suggests that being transgender is not “a legitimate accurate proxy” for athletic performance.

AP reports on the decision.

School Policy On Treatment of Transgender Students Upheld

In Parents 1 v. Montgomery County Board of Education, (D MD, Aug. 18, 2022), a Maryland federal district court upheld Guidelines promulgated by Montgomery County, Maryland school officials on dealing with transgender and gender non-conforming students.  Parents particularly challenge the portion of the Guidelines that advise school personnel not to disclose a student’s gender identity to their parents without the student’s consent, especially when the student has not yet disclosed their gender identity to their parents, or if the student either expects or knows their parents are unsupportive. Plaintiffs contend that this violates their parental rights protected by the due process clause of the 14th Amendment. The court said in part:

My review of the Guidelines reveals that the Plaintiff Parents’ argument is based on a selective reading that distorts the Guidelines into a calculated prohibition against the disclosure of a child’s gender identity that aims to sow distrust among MCPS students and their families. In reality, the Guidelines instruct MCPS staff to keep a student’s gender identity confidential until the student consents to the disclosure out of concern for the student’s well-being, and as a part of a more comprehensive gender support plan that anticipates and encourages eventual familial involvement whenever possible....

The court concluded that the Guidelines are subject only to rational basis review. It went on to say that even if it were to apply strict scrutiny, the Guidelines would still be upheld because the state's interest in safeguarding a minor's physical and psychological well-being is compelling. The court also dismissed various claims under Maryland law. WTOP News reports on the decision.

Postal Worker Seeks Supreme Court Modification Of Title VII Precedents On Reasonable Accommodation

A petition for certiorari (full text) was filed yesterday with the U.S. Supreme Court in Groff v. DeJoy. In the case, the U.S. 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals, in a 2-1 decision, held that accommodating a Sunday sabbath observer by allowing him not to report for work on Sunday would cause an "undue hardship" to the U.S. Postal Service.  Thus, failure to grant that accommodation did not violate Title VII. (See prior posting.) Appellants are asking the Supreme Court to repudiate the definition of "undue hardship" which the Court approved in its 1977 decision in TWA v. Hardison. First Liberty issued a press release announcing the filing of the petition for review.

Court Gives Guidance On Assessing Whether Parents Had Sincerely Held Religious Belief Opposing Vaccination

In In the Interest of C.C., (GA Sup. Ct., Aug. 23, 2022), the Georgia Supreme Court gave guidance to a Juvenile Court on how to determine whether parents' objections to vaccinating their children (who were now in custody of the state) are based on a sincerely held religious belief. The court said in part:

Even if the Chandlers do not “observe a particular religion” or attend church consistently, and even if their objection to vaccination is partly secular, they may still be able to identify a religious belief that they sincerely hold and that would be violated by the vaccination of their children.... The juvenile court’s sincerity finding apparently rested at least in part on an assumption to the contrary; this prevents us from affirming this ruling....

In fairness to the juvenile court, the proper standard is not easily reducible to a simple formula; accordingly, we offer the following guidance.... Ultimately, the juvenile court must determine whether the Chandlers’ religious objection to the vaccination of their children is “truly held.” ... The court should “sh[y] away from attempting to gauge how central a sincerely held belief is to the believer’s religion.” And it must bear in mind that “a belief can be both secular and religious. The categories are not mutually exclusive.”...

The juvenile court can weigh various factors, including ... how long the Chandlers have asserted their professed religious belief, how much they know about it, and their reliance on “religious literature and teachings supporting the belief[.]” ... Whether the Chandlers have wavered in their actions related to vaccination “also appears to be relevant[.]”... But the juvenile court should also be cautious in affording more than a little weight to evidence that the Chandlers were inconsistent in visibly living out their religious beliefs; for example, the frequency of the family’s church attendance....

Last Defendant In Poway Synagogue Tax Fraud Scheme Sentenced

The U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of California announced on Friday that attorney Elliot Adler, the eleventh and last individual being prosecuted for the tax fraud scheme connected with Chabad of Poway, was sentenced to one year and one day in prison, fined $20,000, and ordered to forfeit gold coins purchased with funds used in the fraud. According to the announcement:

Beginning at least as early as 2010 and continuing through October 2018, Adler participated in a so-called “90/10” tax scheme with Rabbi Goldstein. Specifically, Adler gave money to Rabbi Goldstein that purported to be a donation to Chabad of Poway. Goldstein then secretly funneled ninety percent of the funds back to Adler, keeping ten percent of the funds as his fee. None of the donated funds was actually given to the Chabad as a charitable donation. Adler then falsely claimed that the fraudulent donations were tax-deductible on his tax returns, allowing him to reduce his personal income tax liability by approximately $500,000 (cumulatively) for tax years 2011 through 2017.

(See prior related posting.)

Religious Objections To Air Force COVID Mandate Dismissed For Lack of Standing and Ripeness

In Miller v. Austin, (D WY, Aug. 22, 2022), a Wyoming federal district court dismissed on standing and ripeness grounds a suit by two Air Force sergeants who face discharge because of their refusal on religious grounds to receive the COVID vaccine.  The court said in part:

Defendants correctly point out "Plaintiffs have filed this lawsuit to avoid the possibility of involuntary separation."... Furthermore, due to the pending class action, Defendants confirmed Miller's August 25, 2022 separation hearing has been paused.... There is no current threat of separation. Plaintiffs have not yet suffered a concrete, particularized, actual injury in fact because Plaintiffs have not been separated from the USAF. Plaintiffs do not have standing to bring this issue.

More damning to Plaintiffs' case, however, is the fact that the religious exemption is still subject to administrative review within the USAF.

International Day Commemorating Victims Of Religious Persecution

Today was International Day Commemorating the Victims of Acts of Violence based on Religion or Belief, so designated by a United Nations General Assembly Resolution (full text) adopted in 2019. A U.N. web page sets out the background and importance of the day. U.S. Secretary of State Anthony Blinken issued a statement (full text) saying in part:

May this day offer assurance to those suffering for their beliefs that the United States and likeminded partners have not forgotten or forsaken you.  We see you, we hear you, and we remain unwavering in our commitment to ensure your freedom, protection, and peaceful exercise of your beliefs.

The Council of the European Union issued a press release marking the occasion, saying in part:

In these times of armed conflicts and humanitarian crises across the globe, individuals, including those belonging to minority groups, continue to be discriminated against, persecuted targeted, killed, detained, expelled or forcefully displaced because of their religion or for holding humanists and /or atheist beliefs. Today is an opportunity to highlight their situation.

No State Action Involved In Barring Of Plaintiff From Moorish Science Temple

In Bey v. Sirius-El, (ED NY, Aug. 19, 2022), a New York federal district court dismissed a suit seeking damages, injunctive relief and criminal prosecution of defendants for barring plaintiff from attending the Brooklyn Moorish Science Temple in person. Plaintiff was barred because of the potential for a conflict between her and a "competing love interest" who has also been attending services. Plaintiff's free exercise claims were dismissed because she did no allege that any state action was involved.

Recent Articles of Interest

From SSRN:

• David Simson, Most Favored Racial Hierarchy: The Ever-Evolving Ways of the Supreme Court’s Superordination of Whiteness,  (Michigan Law Review, Vol. 120, No. 8, 2022).
• Kathleen Brady, Independent and Overlapping: Institutional Religious Freedom and Religious Providers of Social Services, (Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, Forthcoming).
• Perry Dane, The Anomalous Free Speech Clause (August 12, 2022).
• Hershey H. Friedman & Linda Weiser Friedman, Encounters with God: Rabbinic Stories and What We Can Learn from Them, (August 14, 2022).
• Kaiponanea T. Matsumura, The Marital Habitus, (Washington University Law Review, Vol. 99, No. 6, 2022).
• Zheng Zhang, Counterterrorism in the Post-Epidemic Era, (April 1, 2022).

From SSRN (Abortion Rights):

• Tyler Valeska, Abortion Speech Suppression (July 28, 2022).
• David Landau & Rosalind Dixon, Dobbs, Democracy, and Dysfunction (August 9, 2022).
• I. Glenn Cohen, Melissa Murray & Lawrence O. Gostin, The End of Roe v Wade and New Legal Frontiers on the Constitutional Right to Abortion, (The Journal of the American Medical Association, published online July 8, 2022).
• Dov Fox, What Will Happen if Doctors Defy the Law to Provide Abortions?, (New York Times (online), July 17, 2022).

From SSRN (European Law):

• Julie Ringelheim & Stijn Smet, Secularism and State Neutrality in Constitutional Adjudication: A Comparative Analysis of Belgium, Germany and France, (in P. Nihoul, B. Renauld and J. Theunis (eds), Réflexions autour de la laïcité – Reflecties over laïciteit. Liber amicorum François Daout, Anthemis (2022)).
• Daid de Groot, Bans on Conversion 'Therapies' - The Situation in Selected EU Member States, (European Parliamentary Research Service, PE 733.521 (2022)).

From SmartCILP and Elsewhere:

• C. Scott Maravilla, Lifting the Veil by Covering It: European Prohibitions on the Practice of Veiling Constitute the Forced Covering of Muslim Women, 51 University of Baltimore Law Review 73-102 (2021).
• Columbia Law School Law, Rights and Religion Project, A Religious Right To Abortion: Legal History and Analysis,(2022).

Michigan County Prosecutors Temporarily Enjoined From Enforcing Pre-Roe Abortion Ban

As reported by Bridge Michigan, a Michigan state trial court judge yesterday issued a preliminary injunction barring county prosecutors from enforcing a 1931 statute banning abortion. The injunction prevents enforcement while the constitutionality of the statute is being litigated. According to the report:

[Judge] Cunningham said the danger of harm to women and doctors if the ban were allowed to take effect “could not be more crystal clear.”

“The court finds the statute dangerous and chilling to our state's population, childbearing people and the medical professionals that care for them”....

Other Michigan courts have already barred the state Attorney General's office from enforcing the pre-Roe statute. (See prior posting.) The court yesterday postponed any further hearings until after the November elections in which a proposed state constitutional amendment on abortion rights will likely be on the Michigan ballot.

Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer issued a statement (full text) welcoming the court's decision.

Some Of Fired Pastor's Claims Can Move Ahead

In Nation Ford Baptist Church Inc. v. Davis, (NC Sup.Ct., Aug. 19, 2020), the North Carolina Supreme Court allowed a Pastor to move ahead with a portion of his claims challenging his firing, saying in part:

Which set of corporate bylaws were in effect at the relevant time, whether the Church and Board followed the procedures set forth in the bylaws, and whether there was a contract of employment between Pastor Davis and the Church that was breached are factual and legal questions that are appropriately answered by reference to neutral principles of corporate, employment, and contract law....

Nonetheless, other claims raise questions that cannot be answered without considering spiritual matters. These claims must be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction....

[I]n all other respects the first claim for relief goes too far, particularly in the remedy sought, because the court can neither declare Pastor Davis the spiritual leader of the Church nor require that he be allowed to conduct services. Addressing this controversy would entangle the court in religious matters such as whether Pastor Davis adequately performed his duties as a pastor as that role is understood in accordance with the Church’s faith and religious traditions.

[Thanks to Will Esser via Religionlaw for the lead.]

Fire Department Chaplain Dismissed Because Of His Blog Posts Files Suit

An ordained Christian minister who has been a volunteer fire department chaplain in Austin, Texas filed suit in a Texas federal district court yesterday alleging that his free speech and free exercise rights were violated when the fire department terminated him as a chaplain because of his social media posts.  The complaint (full text) in Fox v. City of Austin, (WD TX, filed 8/18/2022), alleges in part:

Dr. Andrew K. Fox ... helped start Austin’s fire chaplaincy program and served as its lead chaplain—a volunteer position—for eight years. That abruptly changed when Dr. Fox posted something on his personal blog that Austin officials considered unacceptable: his religious belief that men and women are created biologically distinct and his view that men should not compete on women’s sports teams. After Austin officials demanded that Dr. Fox recant and apologize for expressing these beliefs and Dr. Fox refused, they terminated him....

Under the City’s standard, no one who openly holds historic Christian beliefs about the immutable differences between men and women can serve as a chaplain or in any other fire department position.... When the government can needlessly punish people for professing views outside of work on matters of ongoing public debate, that chills everyone’s speech and discourages democratic participation.

ADF issued a press release announcing the lawsuit.

Court Lifts Pre-Dobbs Injunction Against Enforcement Of North Carolina Abortion Ban

 In Bryant v. Woodall, (MD NC, Aug 17, 2022), a North Carolina federal district court lifted an injunction it had entered in 2019 enjoining enforcement North Carolina statutes that prohibited pre-viability abortions. The court said in part:

None of the parties argue that the injunction remains legally enforceable, nor could they. The injunction was entered under the authority of Roe and Casey; that precedent has been overruled by Dobbs. Because the power to regulate abortion has been returned to the states, the parties’ suggestion that this court’s injunction is having an effect, whether preventing “confusion,”... or “preserv[ing] Plaintiffs’ ability to provide critical healthcare services,”... suggests the parties are improperly relying upon, and asserting, an injunction that is no longer lawful.

ADF issued a press release announcing the decision.

Maine's COVID Vaccine Mandate, Without Religious Exemption, Is Upheld

 In Lowe v. Mills, (D ME, Aug. 18, 2022), a Maine federal district court rejected challenges by seven healthcare workers to Maine's COVID vaccination requirement for healthcare workers. No religious exemption is available; medical exemptions are available. The court rejected plaintiffs Title VII religious discrimination claim, saying in part:

[I]f the Hospital Defendants had granted the sole accommodation sought by the Plaintiffs, it would result in an undue hardship by subjecting the Hospital Defendants to the imposition of a fine and the “immediat[e] suspension of a license.”

The court also rejected plaintiffs' 1st Amendment Free Exercise claims, saying in part:

In the context of the COVID-19 vaccine mandate, the medical exemption is rightly viewed as an essential facet of the vaccine’s core purpose of protecting the health of patients and healthcare workers, including those who, for bona fide medical reasons, cannot be safely vaccinated. In addition, the vaccine mandate places an equal burden on all secular beliefs unrelated to protecting public health—for example, philosophical or politically-based objections to state-mandated vaccination requirements—to the same extent that it burdens religious beliefs. Thus, the medical exemption available as to all mandatory vaccines required by Maine law does not reflect a value judgment unfairly favoring secular interests over religious interests. As an integral part of the vaccine requirement itself, the medical exemption for healthcare workers does not undermine the vaccine mandate’s general applicability.

Commission Recommends Changes In Australian State's Anti-Discrimination Laws

On Aug. 16, the Law Reform Commission of Western Australia sent to Parliament its 297-page Final Report on its Review of the Equal Opportunity Act 1984 (WA) (full text). The Report makes 163 recommendations for changes in Western Australia's anti-discrimination laws. In connection with the Act's ban on discrimination based on religious conviction, the Report's Recommendation 51 provides:

Religious conviction should be defined in the Act. It should be defined as:
• having a religious conviction, belief, opinion or affiliation;
• engaging in religious activity;
• appearance or dress required by, or symbolic of, the person’s religious conviction;
• the cultural heritage and distinctive spiritual practices, observances, beliefs and teachings of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples;
• engaging in the cultural heritage and distinctive spiritual practices, observances, beliefs and teachings of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples;
• not having a religious conviction, belief, opinion or affiliation; and
• not engaging in religious activity.

The word religious should not be defined.

The Report also makes recommendations relating to discrimination on the basis of gender identity, sex characteristics and sexual orientation. It makes extensive recommendations on religious exceptions to anti-discrimination rules.

Christian Schools Australia issued a press release criticizing the Report.

Court Reverses Sanctions Imposed On Church For Violating COVID Orders

In People v. Calvary Chapel, San Jose, (CA App., Aug. 15, 2022), a California state appellate court annulled contempt orders imposed by trial courts and reversed trial court imposition of monetary sanctions which resulted from a church's refusal to comply with state COVID public health orders. The order restricted the holding and conduct of public gatherings. The court said in part:

[W]e conclude that the temporary restraining orders and preliminary injunctions are facially unconstitutional pursuant to the recent guidance of the United States Supreme Court regarding the First Amendment’s protection of the free exercise of religion in the context of public health orders that impact religious practice (see, e.g., Tandon v. Newsom (2021) ....) As the underlying orders which Calvary Chapel violated are void and unenforceable, we will annul the orders of contempt in their entirety and reverse the orders to pay monetary sanctions.

Advocates for Faith & Freedom issued a press release announcing the decision and reporting that Santa Clara County is still attempting to enforce $2.8 million in fines imposed for violation of county health orders.

HRSA Wrongly Eliminated Required Insurance Coverage For Natural Family Planning Methods

 In Tice-Harouff v. Johnson, (ED TX, Aug. 12, 2022), a Texas federal district court held that changes in the language of federal regulations specifying the required cost-free contraceptive coverage by qualified health plans eliminated coverage for fertility-awareness based methods. These natural family planning methods are used, among others, by women with religious objections to use of contraceptives. The court held that the Health Resources and Services Administration violated the Notice and Comment requirement of the Administrative Procedure Act in adopting the amendments and that the amendments were arbitrary and capricious. The court rejected the government's claim that the change in language had not eliminated coverage for such methods. ADF issued a press release announcing the decision.

Preliminary Relief Denied In Challenge To Georgia Anti-Abortion Law

In Sistersong Women of Color Reproductive Justice Collective v. State of Georgia, (GA Super. Ct., Aug. 15, 2022), a Georgia state trial court refused to grant a preliminary injunction to prevent enforcement of Georgia's LIFE Act while its constitutionality is being litigated. The Act, with limited exceptions, bars abortions once a heartbeat is detectable. The court held that Georgia's constitutional provision that waives sovereign immunity for an injunction after the award of declaratory relief does not waive sovereign immunity for a preliminary injunction before declaratory relief has been granted. The Georgia ACLU issued a press release discussing the decision.

USDA Clarifies Title IX Religious Institution Exemption

On Aug. 12, the Department of Agriculture issued a Guidance (full text) clarifying that a Title IX exemption is available for religious educational institutions if there is a conflict between Title IX and a school’s governing religious tenets. The Guidance provides in part:

USDA regulations do not require a religious educational institution to submit a written request for a Title IX exemption in order to claim that exemption.

If, however, a religious educational institution wishes to seek USDA recognition of their religious exemption, it may do so through a written request under USDA regulations....

The Guidance comes after litigation by a Christian school in Florida that objected to submitting an exemption request in order to participate in the USDA's school lunch program and maintain its policies on gender identity. (See prior posting.)  ADF issued a press release on the USDA's action.

Recent Articles of Interest

From SSRN:

• Mark Movsesian, The New Thoreaus, (Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, Forthcoming).
• Jake Linford, Justin Sevier & Allyson Willis, Trademark Tarnishmyths (August 6, 2022).
• Dov Fox, Medical Disobedience, (Harvard Law Review, Vol. 136, Forthcoming).
• Daniel O. Conkle, Religion, Law, and the Constitution, Second Edition, (Foundation Press, 2022).
• Kerri Froc, A Law in Rupture: Section 28, Equal Rights, and the Constitutionality of Québec's Bill 21 Religious Symbols Ban, (July 24, 2022).
• Frank Buono, A Compendium of Federal Authorities (Executive – Legislative - Judicial) Governing American Indian Sacred Sites on Federal Lands, (July 12, 2022).
• Shahbaz Ahmad Cheema, Rights of the Child in Islam: Theory, Mechanisms, Practices and Convention on the Rights of the Child – A Book Review, (LUMS Law Journal (2022) Vol. 9, pp. 108-112).

From SSRN (Abortion rights):

• Adam Richardson, The Originalist Case for Why the Florida Constitution's Right of Privacy Protects the Right to an Abortion, (August 10, 2022).
• Reva B. Siegel, Memory Games: Dobbs’s Originalism As Anti-Democratic Living Constitutionalism—and Some Pathways for Resistance, (Texas Law Review, Forthcoming).

From SmartCILP and elsewhere:

• Ido Shahar & Karin Carmit Yefet, Kadijustiz in the Ecclesiastical Courts: Naming, Blaming, Reclaiming,  56 Law & Society Review 53-77 (2022).
• Journal of Law and Religion, Volume 37, Issue 2 (May 2022).

Louisiana Supreme Court Refuses Stay Of Abortion Ban During Appeals

In an Order (full text) signed by four of the seven Justices on the Louisiana Supreme Court in June Medical Services, LLC v. Landry, (LA Sup. Ct., Aug. 11, 2022), the court denied a petition by abortion providers seeking to reinstate a trial court's injunction on enforcing Louisiana's abortion ban while appeals are being pursued.  As explained by The Advocate, the trial court had found that the law was likely unconstitutionally vague.  A state appellate court ordered the trial court to suspend its ruling, and now the Supreme Court has refused to overturn that decision.

Idaho Supreme Court Refuses To Stop Effectiveness Of Abortion Bans

In Planned Parenthood Great Northwest v. State of Idaho,(ID Sup. Ct., Aug. 12, 2022), the Idaho Supreme Court, in a 3-2 decision, refused to issue a preliminary injunction to prevent enforcement while litigation is pending of a statute triggered by the overruling of Roe v. Wade imposing a near-total abortion ban, as well as of a six-week abortion ban. The court also vacated a preliminary stay it had previously issued barring enforcement of a law that creates civil liability in suits against persons performing abortions after a fetal heartbeat is detectable. Plaintiffs contend that the statutes violate various provisions of the Idaho constitution. The majority concluded that petitioners had not shown a substantial likelihood of success or violation of a clear legal right as to either of the statutes.

Justice Stegner, joined by Justice Zahn, dissented contending that it is sufficient that petitioners showed irreparable harm if a stay in not granted; they do not need to also show a likelihood of success. The dissent said in part:

The State and the Legislature’s only argument that irreparable harm will not result is that the Idaho Constitution does not protect the right to an abortion. This argument fails because it is premised on a decision we have not yet made.

Fox News reports on the decision.

Justice Department Initiates Investigation Of Sex Abuse By Southern Baptist Clergy And Executives

Baptist Press reported yesterday that the Justice Department has informed the Executive Committee of the Southern Baptist Convention that it has initiated an investigation that will involve multiple SBC entities. This comes after an independent investigation (full text of report) of sexual abuse allegations against clergy and Executive Committee members commissioned by SBC. A Release by the SBC Executive Committee (quoted in full in the Baptist Press report) says in part:

Individually and collectively each SBC entity is resolved to fully and completely cooperate with the investigation. While we continue to grieve and lament past mistakes related to sexual abuse, current leaders across the SBC have demonstrated a firm conviction to address those issues of the past and are implementing measures to ensure they are never repeated in the future. 

Data On Canadian Hate Crimes Released

On Aug. 2, Statistics Canada released Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2021. One section (Text Box 5) focuses on hate crimes and says in part:

The number of police-reported hate crimes in Canada increased by 27% in 2021, rising from 2,646 incidents to 3,360.... From 2020 to 2021, increases were noted in the number of police-reported hate crimes targeting religion (+354 incidents, +67%).... 

Police-reported hate crimes targeting the Jewish (+47%), Muslim (+71%) and Catholic (+260%) religions were up. The increase in hate crimes targeting the Muslim population follows a similar decrease in 2020; the increase also occurred in the same year as an attack in London, Ontario which targeted a Muslim family and resulted in four homicides and one attempted homicide.... In 2021, there were discoveries of unmarked graves on former residential school sites. Following these discoveries, there were reports of hate incidents targeting the Indigenous population as well as churches and other religious institutions....

JNS reports on the data.

Suspension Of Attorney Did Not Violate Her Free Exercise Rights

In In re Kelly, (DE Sup. Ct., Aug. 10, 2022), the Delaware Supreme Court accepted the report of its Board on Professional Responsibility and involuntarily transferred a state bar member to disability inactive status. The attorney's incoherent court filings, many containing religious references, led to the proceedings to move respondent to inactive status.  Respondent claimed, among other things, that the proceedings violated her free exercise rights. The court said in part:

It is the unfocused, irrelevant, and incoherent nature of many of Kelly’s submissions that led to this proceeding, not her religious or political beliefs as she contends. Kelly’s references to her religious and political views throughout her submissions do not shield her from scrutiny concerning her competency to practice law.

9th Circuit: Prof Gets Qualified Immunity In Suit Challenging His Course Presentation Of Islam

In Sabra v. Maricopa County Community College District,(9th Cir., Aug. 10, 2022), the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in a 2-1 decision held that a Community College professor is entitled to qualified immunity in a suit against him claiming that his online module on Islamic terrorism in a World Politics course violated plaintiffs' Establishment Clause and Free Exercise rights. Plaintiffs claimed the module's primary message was disapproval of Islam and that the end-of-module quiz forced a Muslim student to disavow his religion by choosing answers reflecting a radical interpretation of Islam. The majority held that there is no case law "clearly establishing" that defendants' actions violated the First Amendment. It also concluded that plaintiffs had abandoned their municipal liability claim against the College on appeal.

Judge VanDyke filed a concurring opinion saying in part that "The only thing clearly established about ... [Plaintiffs' free exercise] claim is that nothing about it is clearly established."

Judge Bress dissented, saying in part:

I would have met Sabra’s Free Exercise claim on the merits rather than rely on legally infirm alternative grounds for affirmance. Sabra’s allegations are troubling, concern matters of sincerely held religious conviction, and warrant further judicial inquiry.

9th Circuit Hears Oral Arguments In Suit By Fellowship Of Christian Athletes On High School Rules

On Tuesday, the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals heard oral arguments (video of full arguments) in Fellowship of Christian Athletes v. San Jose Unified School District Board of Education. In the case, a California federal district court upheld a high school's non-discrimination policy for recognized student groups that precluded Fellowship of Christian Athletes from requiring its leaders to agree with and live in accordance with the group's Christian beliefs. (See prior posting.)

Subsidized Housing Family Size Limit Did Not Violate Rights Of Orthodox Jewish Family

In Katz v. New York City Housing Preservation & Development, (SD NY, Aug. 8, 2022), a New York federal district court rejected Free Exercise and Affordable Housing Act claims brought by an Orthodox Jewish family whose applications for an affordable housing unit were denied  because their family size exceeded the apartments' maximum occupancy limit. Plaintiffs claim that their religious beliefs require them to have a large family.  As to the Free Exercise claim, the court said in part:

The Katzes do not claim that Defendants’ policies disfavor acts only religious in nature or that Defendants otherwise showed overt animus in denying their applications or later appeals. Nor do they claim that the maximum occupancy limit is not generally applicable. They thus ask the Court to apply rational-basis review to analyze the occupancy restrictions....

Here, the City has a legitimate state interest in preventing overcrowding in subsidized apartment units. And limiting a unit’s occupancy to two people per bedroom is rationally related to that legitimate interest by setting a numerical cap on each apartment....

Rejecting the Fair Housing Act claim, the court said in part:

Here, the Katzes have failed to plausibly allege that the policies have created a disproportionate effect on Orthodox Jews because they never allege that the occupancy limits have or will result in an underrepresentation of Orthodox Jews in affordable housing lotteries in New York City. That is because at no point does the Complaint compare Orthodox Jews applying for New York City affordable housing lotteries to similarly situated individuals.

Anti-Muslim Facebook Postings Are Subject To Pickering Balancing Test

In Hernandez v. City of Phoenix, (9th Cir., Aug. 5, 2022), the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals remanded to the district court a case in which the Phoenix police department had disciplined an employee for social media posts he made disparaging Muslims.  The district court had held that the posts did not address matters of public concern and so were not subject to the balancing test of Pickering v. Board of Education  that protects as free speech some statements by public employees which are objectionable to the public employer. The Court of Appeals disagreed, saying in part:

It is true that each of Hernandez’s posts expressed hostility toward, and sought to denigrate or mock, a major religious faith and its adherents. The Supreme Court has made clear, however, that “[t]he inappropriate or controversial character of a statement is irrelevant to the question whether it deals with a matter of public concern.”...

Having concluded that Hernandez’s Facebook posts constitute speech on matters of public concern at the first step of the Pickering balancing test, we would ordinarily proceed to the next step and assess whether the Phoenix Police Department has shown an adequate justification for punishing Hernandez’s otherwise protected speech. We cannot do so here, however, because the district court dismissed Hernandez’s First Amendment retaliation claim at the motion-to-dismiss stage.... Although it seems likely that Hernandez’s posts could impede the performance of his job duties and interfere with the Phoenix Police Department’s ability to effectively carry out its mission, no evidence of the actual or potential disruptive impact caused by Hernandez’s posts is properly before us at this stage of the proceedings....

In remanding the case, we do not mean to suggest that the Department will face a particularly onerous burden to justify disciplining Hernandez for his posts, given the comparatively low value of his speech.

Reuters reports on the decision.

Preliminary Injunction Bars Indiana Enforcement Of Ban On Transgender Girl Playing On Girls' Baseball Team

A recently enacted Indiana statute prohibits transgender girls from playing on girls' athletic teams sponsored by public schools or certain private schools.  In A.M. v. Indianapolis Public Schools, (SD IN, July 26, 2022), an Indiana federal district court, relying on Title IX, issued a preliminary injunction barring school officials from applying the statute to prevent plaintiff, a transgender girl entering the 5th grade, from playing on the girl's softball team. The court said in part:

[N]otably, § 20-33-13-4 does not prohibit all transgender athletes from playing with the team of the sex with which they identify – it only prohibits transgender females from doing so. The singling out of transgender females is unequivocally discrimination on the basis of sex, regardless of the policy argument as to why that choice was made. The Court finds that A.M. has established a strong likelihood that she will succeed on the merits of her Title IX claim.

The Hill reports on the decision.

Recent Articles of Interest

From SSRN:

• Richard H. Weisberg, Robert Cover's Love of Stories: Ruminations on his Wanting to Discuss The Brothers Karamazov with Me Across Five Conversations During the Last Five Years of His Life, with an Application to the Chauvin Murder Trial of 2021, (Touro Law Review, Vol. 37, 2022).
• S. Ernie Walton, In Loco Parentis and Constitutional Rights - Can They Coexist in Public Schools?, (August 3, 2022).
• Hila Keren, Market Humiliation, (August 2, 2022).
• Kaiponanea T. Matsumura, Beyond Polygamy, (Iowa Law Review, Vol. 107, No. 5, 2022).
• Michael Nesbitt, Leah West & Amarnath Amarasingam, The Illusive Motive Requirement In Canada's Terrorism Offences: Defining and Distinguishing Ideology, Religion, and Politics, (Forthcoming 2023, Osgoode Hall Law Journal 60:3).
• Christopher Ryan, An Historical and Empirical Analysis of the Cy-Près Doctrine, (48 ACTEC L. J. __ (Forthcoming 2023)).

From SSRN (Constitutional Interpretation):

• John Witte, Back to the Sources? What’s Clear and Not So Clear About the Original Intent of the First Amendment, (47 BYU L. Rev. 1303 (2022)).
• Noah Garver, The Institutional Natural Law Approach to Constitutional Interpretation, (August 1, 2022).
• R. George Wright, On the Logic of History and Tradition in Constitutional Rights Cases, (August 2, 2022).

From SSRN (Free Speech):

• Kristine L. Bowman & Katharine Gelber, Responding to Hate Speech: Counterspeech and the University, (28 Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law 248 (2021)).
• G. Alex Sinha, The End of Government Speech,(August 1, 2022).

From SSRN (LGBTQ Issues):

• Dominic Bayer, Child Gender Transition Bans and the Constitution: The Equal Protection Clause and Bostock, (Regent University Law Review, Forthcoming).
• Katie R. Eyer, Transgender Constitutional Law, (July 26, 2022).
• Robin S. Maril, Queer Rights After Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, (August 1, 2022).

From SSRN (Abortion Rights):

• Bruce Ledewitz, Dobbs Is Not a Religion Case, (Canopy Forum, August 1, 2022).
• Sherif Girgis, Update: Why the Equal-Protection Case for Abortion Rights Rises or Falls with Roe's Rationale, (Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol. 17, No. Per Curiam, 2022).
• Gray Sutton, The Case Against Reason-Based Abortion Bans, (University of Chicago Legal Forum, Vol. Forthcoming 2023).

From SSRN (Judaism/ Islam):

• Michael Lewyn, Bringing Judaism Downtown: A Smart Growth Policy for Orthodox Jews, (University of Baltimore Law Review, Vol. 51, No. 37, 2021).
• Saadiya Suleman, Menstruation and Islam: Analysing the Impurity in Justice Nariman’s Sabrimala Opinion, (1(1) Journal of Law and Religious Affairs 41 (2021)).
• Zalman Rothschild, Sovereignty, Reason, and Will: Carl Schmitt and Hasidic Legal Thought, (Journal of Law and Religion, Vol. 37, No. 2, 2022).

No Church Autonomy Defense To Catholic Organization's Sexual Orientation Discrimination

In Doe v. Catholic Relief Services, (D MD, Aug. 3, 2022), a Maryland federal district court granted summary judgment in favor of plaintiff who was denied spousal health insurance coverage for his same-sex husband. Rejecting a church-autonomy defense, the court said in part:

CRS insists that any judicial inquiry into this case inevitably requires an inquiry into matters of Catholic faith and doctrine. This is not so; this case concerns a social service organization's employment benefit decisions regarding a data analyst and does not involve CRS's spiritual or ministerial functions.

The court held that Catholic Relief Services violated Title VII, and that the exemption in Title VII for religious organizations only applies to discrimination by them on the basis of religion. It also held that RFRA does not provide a defense because it applies only to claims against the government. The court also found no First Amendment violation, saying in part:

Our Constitution's solicitousness of religious exercise is not carte blanche for any religious institution wishing to place itself beyond the reach of any neutral and generally applicable law. This court need not engage in a strict scrutiny analysis that would apply if a truly comparable secular institution were being treated favorably compared to CRS.

The court went on to find violations of the federal and state Equal Pay Acts, and ordered certification to the state court of a question of coverage by Maryland's Fair Employment Practices Act.

Indiana Governor Signs New Law Restricting Abortions

On Friday, Indiana Governor Eric Holcomb signed Senate Enrolled Act 1 (full text). Under the new law, Indiana's former ban on abortions after 20 weeks or viability (whichever is sooner) except for life or substantial health reasons is amended to allow abortions only when necessary to prevent a serious health risk to the pregnant woman or to save her life, or for 20 weeks when the fetus is diagnosed with a fatal abnormality. Abortions may be performed during the first 10 weeks of pregnancy when the result of rape or incest. Parental consent for abortion for a minor is not required in the case of rape or incest. The law does not apply to in vitro fertilizations. ABC News reports on the new law. [Post revised for accuracy.]

5th Circuit Hears Oral Arguments In Challenge To Former Health Care Non-Discrimination Rule

Yesterday, the U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals heard oral arguments (audio of full arguments) in Franciscan Alliance v. Becerra. In the case, a Texas federal district court permanently enjoined enforcing the anti-discrimination provisions of the Affordable Care Act or implementing regulations against Christian health care providers and health plans in a manner that would require them to perform or provide insurance coverage for gender-transition procedures or abortions. (See prior posting.) As explained by Reuters report on the case:

The administration argues that the court order, which applies only to the Christian medical groups behind a 2016 lawsuit, is moot because the rule they originally challenged is no longer in effect.

Biden Issues Executive Order On Access To Reproductive Health Care Services

Yesterday, President Biden issued an Executive Order on Securing Access to Reproductive and Other Healthcare Services (full text). The White House also issued a Fact Sheet explaining the Executive Order.  The Executive Order reads in part:

There have been numerous reports of women denied health- and life-saving emergency care, as providers fearful of legal reprisal delay necessary treatment for patients until their conditions worsen to dangerous levels.  There are also reports of women of reproductive age being denied prescription medication at pharmacies — including medication that is used to treat stomach ulcers, lupus, arthritis, and cancer — due to concerns that these medications, some of which can be used in medication abortions, could be used to terminate a pregnancy.  Reportedly, a healthcare provider, citing a State law restricting abortion, even temporarily stopped providing emergency contraception.

As it remains the policy of my Administration to support women’s access to reproductive healthcare services, including their ability to travel to seek abortion care in States where it is legal, I am directing my Administration to take further action to protect access to reproductive healthcare services and to address the crisis facing women’s health and public health more broadly.

The Executive Order among other things directs the HHS Secretary to advance access to Medicaid coverage for patients traveling across state lines for medical care. It also directs the Secretary to promote compliance with non-discrimination laws in obtaining medical care. 

5th Circuit Upholds Qualified Immunity Defense Of Prison Officials Who Confiscated Hijab

In Taylor v. Nelson, (5th Cir., Aug. 2, 2022), the U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals held that Texas prison authorities who confiscated a female inmate's hijab that exceeded the size permitted by prison policies can claim qualified immunity in a suit for damages against them. The court held that plaintiff failed to identify a clearly established right that officials violated and reasonable officials would not have understood that enforcing the policy on size of hijabs was unconstitutional.

Street Preacher Gets Injunction Against Ordinance Limiting Microphones

In Miller v. City of Excelsior, Minnesota, (D MN, Aug. 2, 2022), a Minnesota federal district court granted a preliminary injunction against enforcement of a city's ordinance on amplified sound and portions of its special-event permit regulation. Plaintiff wanted to preach on sidewalks in the downtown business area. The city ordinance effectively prevents use of amplification on the narrow sidewalks of downtown. Outside the business district, to use amplification audible more than 30 feet away requires a permit with a $150 per day fee and 30 days advance notice. The court said in part:

By prohibiting all unpermitted amplified sound that can be heard at the property line from where the sound emanates in the B-1 and B-2 zoning districts, it is more likely than not that Section 16-105(b)(3) burdens substantially more speech than necessary to further the City’s interests. The ... restriction effectively eliminates amplified sound in the public ways of those districts. In doing so, the ordinance becomes untethered to the City’s legitimate interests in protecting the use and enjoyment of those public areas....

Miller has shown a sufficient likelihood that the City’s 30-day notice requirement, as applied, is not narrowly tailored. Miller is a single speaker, and a 30 day-notice period places a substantial burden on his right to speak spontaneously in his desired public forum....

On this record, it’s more likely than not that a $150 per-day fee is not narrowly tailored to the City’s administrative expenses in hosting Miller’s First Amendment activity.

Fetus Now A Deductible Dependent On Georgia Income Tax Return

Georgia's Living Infants Fairness and Equality (LIFE) Act amends the definition of "natural person" in Georgia's statutes to mean "any human being including an unborn child". Last month, the U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the constitutionality of the Act. In light of that, Georgia's Department of Revenue has issued Guidance related to House Bill 481, Living Infants and Fairness Equality (LIFE) Act (Aug. 1, 2022), reading in part:

[T]he Department will recognize any unborn child with a detectable human heartbeat, as defined in O.C.G.A. § 1-2-1, as eligible for the Georgia individual income tax dependent exemption. The 11th Circuit’s ruling made HB 481’s amendment to O.C.G.A § 48-7-26(a), adding an unborn child with a detectable heartbeat to the definition of dependent, effective as of the date of the court’s ruling, which was July 20, 2022.

[Thanks to Scott Mange for the lead.]

French Constitutional Tribunal Upholds Regulation Of Religious Associations

France's Constitutional Council last month in Union of Diocesan Associations of France and others  (Conseil constitutionnel, July 22, 2022) upheld the constitutionality of several provisions of law governing religious institutions in France. It upheld the requirement that a religious organization must register with a government official in order to enjoy benefits available specifically to a religious association.  It found that this did not infringe freedom of association, and also concluded in part:

[The provisions] have neither the purpose nor the effect of carrying the recognition of a religion by the Republic or of hindering the free exercise of religion.... Accordingly, the contested provisions, which do not deprive the free exercise of worship of legal guarantees, do not infringe the principle of secularism.

The court also rejected an equal protection challenge to a provision limiting religious organizations to realizing no more than 50% of their revenues from apartment buildings they own. Finally it upheld provisions allowing the state to require a religious association to conform its stated purposes to its actual activities and requirements; for reporting of a religious association's places of worship; and, when requested, to provide a government official with financial information including amounts used for religious activities and amounts of foreign financing. However, the court cautioned:

While such obligations are necessary and suited to the objective pursued by the legislator, it will nevertheless be up to the regulatory power to ensure, by setting the specific methods for implementing these obligations, that the constitutional principles of freedom of action are respected.

The court issued a press release announcing the decision.  Law & Religion UK also reports on the decision.

Massachusetts Law Exonerates Last Convicted Witch

 Section 105 of the Massachusetts FY23 Budget Bill signed by Governor Charlie Baker on July 28 exonerates Elizabeth Johnson, Jr., the last Massachusetts resident who was legally classified as a witch. As reported by Courthouse News Service, Johnson is one of 30 people convicted in Salem witch trials in 1693. All the others have previously been exonerated by the legislature. The exoneration was pushed by an eighth-grade civic teacher in North Andover, Massachusetts where Johnson had lived.

Clergy Sue Challenging Florida's Abortion Restrictions

The Washington Post reports that in Florida, seven members of the clergy-- Christian, Jewish, Unitarian-Universalist and Buddhist-- have filed lawsuits contending that Florida's 15-week abortion ban violates their free exercise, free speech and Establishment Clause rights. Typical of the lawsuits is the complaint (full text) in Hafner v. State of Florida, (FL Cir. Ct., filed 8/1/2022), filed by a pastor of the United Church of Christ.  It alleges in part:

 59. The Act establishes as the law of the State of Florida, a particular and narrow religious view about abortion and when “life” begins. This view is contrary to the religious beliefs of Plaintiff and the UCC, which does not necessarily make a claim regarding when “life” begins, but instead, centers on the mother’s right to have a choice, oversee her own body, and make her own decisions.

60. The Act further provides for no exceptions for the psychological health of the mother or family, non-fatal fetal abnormalities, or victims of incest, rape, or trafficking, which are all circumstances in which the UCC would, amongst other circumstances, support a girl or woman’s decision to have an abortion before or after fifteen weeks....

65. Plaintiff’s beliefs are consistent with the UCC principles set forth above and, as a result, the Act substantially burdens the exercise of her religious faith because it hampers her ability to counsel congregants and speak freely on reproductive rights and issues and burdens her congregants’ ability to seek counsel from their religious leader.

Here is the complaint in a similar suit filed by three rabbis (Pomerantz v. State of Florida, (FL Cir. Ct., filed 8/1/2022).

UPDATE: Here is the complaint in Chotso v. State of Florida, (FL Cir. Ct., filed 8/1/2022), filed by a Buddhist Lama.

Wisconsin Violated Archdiocese Rights In Excluding Clergy As COVID Precaution After Other Outsiders Were Allowed In

 As previously reported, last June a Wisconsin trial court issued a Provisional Writ of Mandamus ordering the Wisconsin prison system to allow Catholic clergy the opportunity, at least once a week, to conduct in-person religious services in state correctional institutions. Access for clergy is mandated by Wis. Stat. 301.33(1). The state had suspended visits beginning in March 2020 to minimize the spread of COVID.  Now, in Archdiocese of Milwaukee v. Wisconsin Department of Corrections, (WI Cir. Ct., July 14, 2022), the same court issued a declaratory judgment and permanent injunction, concluding that once the prison system allowed some external visitors to enter correctional institutions, it was required to honor the clergy's statutory privilege to do so, and refusal to do so violated plaintiff's free exercise rights under the Wisconsin Constitution. CBN News reports on the decision.